Education & life Essay

Education has always been an important part of my life. I have always believed that through hard work and dedication, I may be able to fulfill my dreams and aspirations. Furthermore, I am more inclined into becoming one of the most successful graduates our school has ever had. I want to be able to show the world how an individual like me can make a difference in life. My name is (insert your name here) in taking (NAME OF COURSE) at the (NAME OF THE UNIVERSITY). I consider myself to be a well rounded individual. As a student, I am proficient with subject relating to Math, History and Science (insert subjects where you’re good at). Unlike others, I never experienced any difficulty with Math, for I am able to easily interpret and solve mathematical equations. This great fascination also led to an inclination for Science. History, on the other hand, opens my knowledge to greater heights, for I am greatly interested in the circumstances that happened in the past. I believe that being knowledgeable about these things would help me grasp things that happen nowadays. Aside from my fascination for education, I am also active in my extra curricular activities. I am a well socialized person and loves dealing with everyone else. I believe that having many friends is one of my greatest achievements because I can relate to their ups and downs. Moreover, I also have passion in taking care animals more specifically marine animals. I was overwhelmed when I received my license in scuba diving and this boost my confidence even more. The said license gave me more opportunity to travel beneath the sea and meet my favorite mammals like dolphins and sharks. I am very proud of this achievement because the water world and animal kingdom are part of the society that is not yet congested by pollutions and negative activities as compared to the land. Receiving my license in scuba diving is not that easy. I undergo various exercises and lessons before I succeeded. This can be compare to life and education as well. If I will not work hard and follow the instructions I will end up drowning not only in water but in the pool of ignorance and misery. Education is best achieved when one works harder each day. Being admitted to your good university will serve as the path towards my dream of becoming (insert ambition here). I know that my skills and talents are not enough for me to be considered for a position in your school. All I know is that I am equipped with my determination to succeed and fulfill my dreams. From my experiences, excelling in both co-curricular and extra curricular activities is not easy. Success surpasses just the basics of passing all subjects in school and excelling in them. Success also requires much determination, dedication, hard work and prayers. Moreover, my dreams and aspirations do not end after graduation. I would use my experiences and knowledge to be of service to those in need. Furthermore, I would indulge myself in more programs that could help me become a better individual and a unique professional. I would apply everything that the (insert name of university here) imbibed in me and still yearn for more information and ideas that would help in the upheaval of our society. Being a graduate of this prestigious institution would also come to my advantage, for I may be able to inspire others to strive hard and become known in their chosen fields. My life is filled with numerous decisions, and choosing the (insert name of university here) is definitely the answer to my dreams.

Book of Negroes

â€Å"The Book of Negroes is a master piece, daring and impressive in its geographic, historical and human reach, convincing in its narrative art and detail, necessary for imagining the real beyond the traces left by history. † I completely agree with The Globe and Mail’s interpretation of this story. One could almost see the desolate conditions of the slave boats and feel the pain of every person brought into slavery. Lawrence Hill created a compelling story that depicts the hard ships, emotional turmoil and bravery when he wrote The Book of Negroes.In the exposition of The Book of Negroes one does not realize the amount of emotional turmoil the African people are about to face. At first glance the village of Bayo seems to be a felicitous place to live. People were working, children playing; life was normal to them. Aminata, the main character in this story, describes hers and others pain intentensively, â€Å"I lived in terror that the captors would beat us, boil us and eat us, but they began with humiliation: they tore our clothes off our backs. † (pg. 9) Not once did the captors show any regard for these people, â€Å"As I began my long march from home, I discovered that there were people in the world who didn’t know me, didn’t love me and didn’t care whether I lived or died. † (pg. 29) They were treated no differently that rapid animals. Children were forced to grow up faster than they should have. They were forced to do a man’s work load, and think quickly to avoid being beaten. There is a sincere feeling of pathos for every last person who lost everything and were treated so poorly. People were separated from family and sometimes friends.Aminata first had her son taken away and sold by one of her masters, â€Å"My heart and body were screaming for Mamadu. But my baby was gone. Sold, sold, sold. Appleby would not say where. † (pg. 184) Years later she suffered the loss of her daughter, who was stolen by the family whom she was working for. Even when they felt they were a little closer to freedom, they were once again knocked down. When Aminata was no longer an owned slave she sailed into Shelbourne, where she and many others were still treated with contempt, â€Å"Inside the Merchant’s Coffee House, I asked for information about lodging and work.A big man took me by the arm and pulled me to the door. â€Å"We don’t serve niggers. † He said. † They were all stripped of their dignity, hope and faith. The Book of Negroes portrays a very vivid sense of realism throughout the entire story. As one follows Aminata through the excruciatingly painful journey she calls life, her pain, suffering and fears can be felt and seen by the reader. The hardships felt by the African people are heart wrenching. They lost everything that was ever home to them and taken to a world that treated them unfairly.These poor people suffered at the hands of the toubab, â₠¬Å"white man. † Aminata herself watched her mother die in front of her, â€Å"But another man intercepted her, raised high a big, thick club and brought it swinging down against the back of her head. Mama dropped. I saw her blood in the moonlight, angry and dark spilling fast. † (pg. 26) Losing family was not the only devastating occurrences they endured. They were shackled together, stripped of their clothing, rarely fed and at times they were caged like wild animals and branded.Many did not make the trip to Sullivans Island. There was so much death due to the poor conditions they were forced to live in. Once they were bought by the slave owners the treatment of them became much worse. They did get clothing, a place to live and food in their stomachs but the beatings were more frequent. The female slaves, children to adult, were raped, told they were completely owned by their masters, and made to do unthinkable things, â€Å"He owned my labor, but now he was bursting to own all of me. † (pg. 61) The poor slaves could not have anything nice and if they did it must be hidden, as punishment their possessions would be taken from them, â€Å"Your clothes,† he said to me when I hesitated, he tore them off and threw them down into the pile that Georgia had brought. â€Å"We have a law in the Province of South Carolina, â€Å" he said â€Å"Niggers don’t dress grand. † (pg. 176) Every one of the slaves in the 1700’s suffered so much and lost everything they once were. The amount of bravery it would have taken to survive as an African slave is unimaginable.They had to do whatever they could to stay alive. They had to hide their fear so they would not appear weak. Aminata made herself useful to everyone, from her fellow people to the white man. She put herself on the line, acting as a translator between her people and their captors, â€Å"She speaks his language, and she speaks Maninke. † She instructed many Afri cans and saved them from beatings and humiliation. Being only 11 years old, Aminata was valuable to her master and her people. She learnt as much as she could, she always kept her eyes and ears open and her mouth shut.The African people did not dare question the toubab or bukra. The entire book is full of man vs. man conflict, the Africans constantly fighting for their freedom and the right to be treated like people by the white man. Aminata’s persistence to learn and her hard work pay off for her. She is recognized as a useful person in society and finally treated not equal, but much better than her previous master had, â€Å"You don’t have to be afraid to speak properly Meena,† he said â€Å"I already know that you can read and speak well. † (pg. 88) In the denouement, Aminata earns her right as a respected African woman. She supports herself by teaching other African people how to read and catching babies. Word of her bravery travels, a lieutenant recr uits her to help in compiling a list of all African people wanting to go to Sierra Leone, a safe haven for freed slaves. She is also asked to tell the story of her life, which would take a lot of courage to relive all the pain and suffering, to end slavery, â€Å"The abolitionists say they have brought me to England to help them change the course of history. (pg. 2) after her constant battle throughout life Aminata gets the best reward she could ask for, her daughter sought her out and found her, â€Å"The rain did not bother me. What were a few hours of standing in line? Mama, I have been waiting for years. † (pg. 465) The Book of Negroes captures the emotional turmoil, hard ships, and bravery through perfect imagery. The emotional turmoil suffered by the African people is horrendous, they lost everything; their family, friends and homes. They were treated so poorly.The hard ships they had to suffer through would make ones skin crawl and stomachs turn. They lived in dreadfu l conditions, with the dying and dead, in rooms full of human waste. They were beaten and worked harder than any human should be. The African people had to be brave if they wanted to survive. They could not show any sign of weakness in fear of what would happen to them, their family or friends. They had to use any means they could to survive such a terrifying time. The Fight for Freedom; the Fight for Rights Mindy Godlien Mrs. McKay ELA30 November 5th, 2012

All Pro Workout Faq

BASIC POINTS THAT PEOPLE KEEP MISSING: The program uses STIFF LEG DEAD LIFTS! It does not use dead lifts! There are TWO warm-up sets and TWO work sets making FOUR sets per exercise in total! You will start with EIGHT reps of your ten rep max weight! Not ten. This program splits gains between strength and size. You increase the reps every week, you do not increase the weights until completing a 5 week cycle. STARTING WEIGHT What weight should I start with? The correct starting weight is about a 10 rep max (75% of your 1 rep maximum).If that happens to be 150 pounds then the first set would be 35 pounds and the second set would be 75 pounds. Then 2 work sets at 150 pounds. WHEN IN DOUBT START LIGHT! Do I use the same weight for every exercise? NO! Each exercise will be different. REPLACEMENT EXERCISES (These should ONLY to be used if an injury prevents you doing one of the recommended ones! ) Squat: You can sub leg presses or dumbbell squats but they suck compared to what barbell squat s can do. Doing squats even with a very low weight is preferable to any other exercise. Bench Press: ?Overhead Press: Tricep press and standing rows. SLDL: Weighted hyper extensions and hamstring curls. . GENERAL WORKOUT QUESTIONS I’m very weak. Would it be wise to build some strength before doing this program? Nope. This program was designed with YOU in mind. Does this program optimise strength gains? This program will split the gains between size and strength. For more strength or if you’re training for power for a sport I'd use Bill Starr's 5Ãâ€"5. Do I do all 7 exercises every day or split them up into 3 days? You do all 7 exercises 3 times per weekCan I change the order of the exercises? The first four exercises should be done in the order I listed them. Do all of the squats then all of the bench presses and so forth. I didn't put it together to be supersetted or run in a circuit. I could have but then it wouldn't be a ‘SIMPLE' beginners program. If I'm sti ll sore, do I need to wait another day to work out? No, in fact after the medium work out you'll feel better and after the light work out you'll feel better still. Can an increase the number of reps if I get the desired number rather than wait until the next week? No!The reason for the â€Å"easy† weeks will become apparent when you repeat the cycle. It has a built in deload. By increasing the reps sooner you will stall sooner. That means your gains will be cut short because you'll have to deload to get out of it. Can I use regular deadlifts instead of stiff-leg deadlifts? DO NOT USE REGULAR DEAD LIFTS WITH THIS PROGRAM! The combination of heavy dead lifts and heavy squats in the same work out is a recipe for disaster. The stiff leg dead lifts are there to work lower back and ham strings with 1 exercise rather than splitting them up and adding more volume to the work out.How long should I take between sets? You need to rest for a minute and a half between the work sets. It ta kes about 3 minutes for ATP levels to be restored to 100%. In about 2 minutes they're at about 90%. This program is using a combination of ATP and glycogen as a fuel source that's why I choose the 1:30 rest. My usual routine is to do my first warm up set, change the weight and rest 30 seconds. I'll do my second warm up set, change the weight and rest 1 minute. Do the first work set and for this program rest a minute and a half. Can I add other exercises in at the end of my workout?Try the workout as it is first. Give it a chance. But you may add ONE set of pull overs or stiff armed pull downs or pull ups/chin ups. Follow the rep scheme and the heavy, medium, light set up. If that seems to be working well after a 5 week cycle then add the second set. Why can’t I just do 3 heavy workouts in a week instead of heavy, medium and light? Without the heavy, medium, light set-up you will peak out sooner and stall sooner. Google dual factor programming and you'll understand better. Suf fice it to say that with insufficient rest and recovery the program will stall.I couldn't squeeze out all of my reps for curls on the last week. Does that mean I have to keep the weight for every exercise the same for my next cycle? No! Add weight to every exercise that you pass. In the above exercise, everything would move forward but the curls. How long should I keep doing this work out? Simply keep going until you stop progressing with it. Do I need to do the warm-ups? You need the warm up sets for squats, bench press, military press and bent over rows. Warm ups for the other three are recommended but can be cut to save time.CARDIO AND ABS How much cardio should I do? With a 3 times per week full body program you won’t need more than 2 hours of cardio total for the week. If you want to bulk then do much less. Break it up however you want but don't do it before weight training. Do it on off days or after weight training. When should I do cardio? Do it on off days or after w eight training. What sort of cardio should I do? I use HIIT. High intensity interval training. That's just a series of all out sprints and mobility drills. I use a 40 minute, 30 minute and 20 minute set up.The problem with slow cardio is that you are encouraging the fast and medium fibres that you are weight training to convert to a slower type. It can be vary frustrating if that happens. What ab work should I do? It's a matter of what kind of equipment you have and what you respond to. Pull overs, pull downs and knee ups work for me. Crunches, even weighted crunches weren't as effective for me. Typically I use 1 set of 10-20 reps. In other words I use a periodized set up for them also. So starting from work out 1, 10, work out 2, 15, work out 3, 20. Add weight if I can get them all.Usually just 5 pounds. Or repeat the cycle if I can't get them all. Some people need more volume then what I use but I would start with 1 set and do them last or on off days. USING DUMBELLS Can you use d umbbells instead? If you have adjustable dumbbells so that you can get the correct weight then that's fine. The only problem with dumb bells happens when you can't adjust the weight or when you don't have 1 1/4 pound plates. Except for squats. Dumbbells won’t work well with squats because your grip will give out when you progress to heavier weights. Can I do seated shoulder press instead?If possible you should do it standing. In the case of a low ceiling or your gym not allowing it then doing it seated is fine. DIET AND SUPPLEMENTS What supplements should I use? Don't waste a small fortune on magic beans. Get a good diet plan set up and add fish oil, multi mineral/ multi vitamin, creatine and a simple, basic protein powder. Start with simple basic stuff and add things as you go being careful to keep track of what's working for you and what isn't. Should I use protein shakes? Protein shakes are a quick, convenient source of nutrition and you know exactly what you're getting.Th ey are NOT required but I would highly recommend using them post work out. 40 grams of protein and 40 grams of carbs within an hour of completing the work out. Is this routine suitable for cutting? Yes! It works well on a cut because it's self correcting. If you lose too much strength during the cut the worst that happens is that you have to repeat the cycle a time or 2 with the same weight. How much should I eat? This depends on your goals. Total calories: To gain weight: multiply body weight in lbs by 20 To maintain weight: body weight x 15 To lose weight: body weight x 10E. g. if you weigh 200lbs you should aim for 3000 calories per day to maintain that weight. 40% protein, 40% carbohydrate, 20% fat Will this routine work at all for someone training a number of years? It isn't that it won’t work at all†¦ because it will. But the rate of progression would have to be slowed down. After a while you won’t be able to increase by 10% every 5 weeks. At the very least you'd have to reduce that to 5% and drop it to twice per week with 2 heavy work outs. Your recovery doesn't improve as fast as your ability to do damage.

The Relationship between Entrepreneuship, Innocation and Economic Essay

The Relationship between Entrepreneuship, Innocation and Economic Development - Essay Example A variety of theories and policy approaches have been advanced with Keynesian influenced stimulus packages being infused into Western economies with varying degrees of success. Still, a growing body of support has turned to the potentials of economic development occurring through entrepreneurship and innovation. Theorists such as Joseph Schumpeter argue that entrepreneurship and innovation are core elements for economic development, and subsequent city and state governments have oftentimes-established incubators and given increased funding to ensure that innovation is supported. This essay examines the relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development. The essay also considers the role creativity and problem solving play in this relationship, with reference to both theory and examples from the business world. Analysis When examining the relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation, and economic development perhaps the most groundbreaking theorist has bee n Joseph Schumpeter. While Schumpeter’s insights into economic development span a wide array of understandings, there are a number of specific considerations that are relevant for this specific mode of investigation. One of Schumpeter’s most important notions is that of ‘creative destruction’. ... Individuals such as Alan Greenspan have noted that this process underlines economic development. He notes, â€Å""Capitalism expands wealth primarily through creative destruction—the process by which the cash flow from obsolescent, low-return capital is invested in high-return, cutting-edge technologies" (Greenspan 2002). There are a number of specific means by which entrepreneurship and innovation carries out such creative destruction. In his text ‘Theory of Economic Development’ Schumpeter argued that entrepreneurship didn’t simply create new industries, but also resulted in the combination of past industries (Schumpeter 1982). One example of this is that the development of the steam engine combined with carriage development techniques to form the automobile. The development of the automobile then drastically shifts previously held economic and social structural elements, reenergizing the economy and contributing to economic development. While Schumpeter ’s theories have received a degree of criticism that remain prominent and highly relevant in the contemporary world environment. In large part, Schumpeter’s understanding of entrepreneurship and innovation as contributing to economic development has been echoed through endogenous growth theory. This perspective contends that a nation’s economic growth occurs through internal rather than external factors. In this context of understanding it’s clear how Schumpeter’s theory on entrepreneurship is squarely rooted within the endogenous means of growth. While entrepreneurship is popularly viewed in terms of inventions and small business owners, in further examining its impact on economic development one must consider the more abstract notion of innovation

QS-9000 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

QS-9000 - Research Paper Example The current trends in the supply chain management have shifted from the traditional enterprise boundaries to incorporate different companies in the supply network. Indeed, the three biggest automotive makers in the world, the General Motors, the Chrysler and the Ford came together to develop a supply network that would ensure customer satisfaction and process control in the automobile industry referred to as the QS-9000. This paper looks at the provisions of the QS-9000 and the benefits of automobile suppliers adopting the standards. In order to answer find out this, this paper will look at the history and the development of the QS 9000. It will look at the steps required for an organization to be certified as QS 9000 compliant. The various requirements of the organizations under QS 9000 will be discussed in detail while finally the paper will look at the benefits of organizations that are compliant with the standards. According to Hoyle (1996), quality system requirements 9000 (QS 9 000) refers to an international quality management system standards for the automotive industry. They were originally developed by and meant for the â€Å"Big Three† automobile giant companies in the American motor world which are  Daimler Chrysler Corporation, Ford Motor Company, and General Motors Corporation. The QS 9000 was in line with the 1994 ISO-9001 Standards whixch embraced customer satisfaction and process control. According to the QS 9000, all suppliers in the automotive world are required to be quality sensitive and adhere to high quality production materials, quality production of motor spare parts, heat treatment and professionalism, in plating and painting of the automobiles (Chrysler Corporation, et al., 2009). The QS 9000 is divided into three sections that include all the twenty ISO 9001 elements, including a number of automotive requirements. Secondly, the systems requirements, which are defined by the â€Å"Big Three† automobile companies, meant for their own use referred to as â€Å"Additional requirements† and lastly, the customer specific requirements r-that which are unique to every individual manufacturer of cars or trucks (Kanholm, 1995). Kanholm, (1995) outlines a number of activities that are carried out by the QS 9000 include Quality Systems Assessment which is involved in making sure that products are safe and efficiently serves the purpose for which they were intended. Advanced Product Quality Planning and Control Plan is referred to as a framework that involves procedures and techniques that are used to develop goods and products in a particular industry, especially in the automotive industry. It is the process for development of system products for General Motors, Chrysler and Ford and including their suppliers (Kanholm, 1995). Production Part Approval Process is used for establishing confidence in component suppliers and the process they follow in production by making sure that the supplier properly und erstands all specification requirements and customer design records. It ensures that the process possesses the capability to make production that meets the requirements by the customers (Borror, 2009). Potential Failure Mode and Effects Analysis on its part involve reviewing any possible components, assemblies and subsystems to identify failure modes, their causes and effects. Measurement Systems

LOGICAL DATA MODELLING AND SQL Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

LOGICAL DATA MODELLING AND SQL - Coursework Example In this case study of the SOUNMISSION Company, we have been given the conceptual diagram and we are required to form the logical Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) based on the conceptual diagram. The logical data model is developed without considering the database tools to be used for creation and implementation of the database. The logical ER data model facilitates to identify and specify additional data entities include but not limited to the Transactional and Operational data entities. Moreover, the logical ER data model contains more information related to the relationships, primary and foreign keys, as compared to the conceptual data model. In the ER logical models the attributes of the entities are defined, refined and categorized in diverse attribute types include: the derived attributes, composite attributes, multi-valued attributes, null and simple attributes. Furthermore, relationships are established in the logical ER data model. There are three (3) major types of the relationships include: one-one (1 to 1), one-many (1 to many) and many to many relationship. The relationships are based on the primary key and foreign key. The base table contains the primary key that makes a relationship with the other data type contains the foreign key. Usually, this type of relationship is said to be ‘one- to-many’ relationship. However, the same relationship can be changed by implementing constraint of uniqueness to the attribute / foreign key to restrict the duplicate values. This implies that the established relationship is one to one because both the data entities contain the non-duplicate value (Tao, n.d). The document presents the conversion of the conceptual data model into the logical data model for the company named SOUNDMISSION. Moreover, the document can be considered as the base document for the development of the database for the company. In the beginning, it is required to identify the

Assume that Canadian Tire is opening up a store in Ghana Essay

Assume that Canadian Tire is opening up a store in Ghana - Essay Example It was dominated by two colonial powers, which are France and Great Britain. In time, Britain was able to dominate both the political and cultural forces in Canada. Two significant communities are distinguished by language, culture, religion and politics and they live separately from each other since they have divergent views on the history of Canada as a nation. In comparison to Ghana, Canada has two distinctive characteristics of everyday consumptions. Canadians are big eaters where meat tends to be the dominating portion of each meal. They have three regular meals in a day where breakfast is the largest and most important meal of the rural people. Canadians take lunch at midday, and the urban people take a snack but it remains an important meal to the rural people. Dinner is the final formal meal of the day, which is taken by residential group as a whole, and it can be extended to nonfamily members. Ghana’s main diet is made up of starchy staples accompanied with soup or stew. Forest crops such as cassava and tropical yams are mostly consumed in the south (Kaminski, 2012). Corn and rice are most important among the Ga community though their main food is fufu combined with cassava. Soup ingredients in many communities include common vegetables accompanied by animal proteins, especially fish. In addition, palm nuts and peanut crops a re the favorite among different communities in Ghana. Indigenous foods are eaten at all social functions even by the western people. It is rare to find restaurants outside urban business districts though most local bars offer various foods to workers and bachelors. Ghana’s economy mostly depends on primary products such as cocoa, gold and timber. International trade contributes to one-third of the GDP while 70 % of export income comes from the latter three major commodities. The domestic economy is mainly involved with primary agriculture

Ethical dilemmas teachers face Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethical dilemmas teachers face - Essay Example He came from a financially well-off family. His parents were always very concerned about Joseph’s progress in studies and had left no stone unturned in the way of making Joseph take interest in studies, but all went in vain. One day, the school had arranged the parents-teachers’ meeting. Joseph’s parents approached me and asked me about Joseph. I wished there was some improvement in Joseph’s studies but there wasn’t any. Caught in distress, his father, Henry asked me to give Joseph extra time. I told Henry that Joseph to me was like my own child and that I was trying my best, but there were time constraints. I could not attend Joseph beyond a fixed duration, and there were other students that equally required my attention as well. Henry told me that he had arranged a number of tutors before, but nobody managed to do his job successfully. Henry also told me that Joseph had told him that he understood nobody’s lecture better than mine. I also k new that because whenever I told Joseph something, he seemed to have got that there and then. Henry asked me if I could give Joseph time after the classes. He also asked me if the school forbade me as a teacher to see some student after the school. I told Henry that although there was no such rule in the school, but it would be very difficult for me to do justice to my job as a teacher. However, I did not refuse him, though it was no less than an ethical dilemma for me. On one hand, I had the potential to save a child’s future from getting spoiled because Joseph understood what I taught him and just required a little more time from me. On the other hand, paying more attention towards Joseph alone might be an injustice to other students who were studying with him. â€Å"It is important to remember that your job entails keeping the entire class engaged† (Wood, 2009). But I decided to accept the offer because by giving Joseph tuition after the school, I would not have don e as much

How Does Elementary School Teachers Attitudes Impact Students Behavior Research Paper

How Does Elementary School Teachers Attitudes Impact Students Behavior - Research Paper Example Another research conducted also revealed that the action of teachers towards students with high achievers reflected high expectations, academic demand, special privileges and better opportunities. The researcher found that gender was controlled by teachers whose perceptions towards the behavior of students revealed significant component of their scholastic judgments. It was also found positive academic results led to academic oriented behaviors, which reflected high levels of performance in schools. Lastly, it was reported that through use of TSRQ, the performance level of students varied significantly depending on the attitude of their teachers. How Does Elementary School Teachers Attitudes Impact Students Behavior Introduction Teachers play significant roles in the classroom and they manage student behaviors in order to enable them achieve their academic goals successfully. The environmental settings where successful classroom management is carried out are bound to contribute to th e success of students. A number of researches have been conducted on the way elementary school teacher’s attitudes impacts student behaviors. This is because the influence of teachers’ attitudes inside and outside the classroom determines the performance of students. ... The aim of this research is to offer varied literature review on the way elementary school teachers’ attitudes can impact student behaviors. Literature Review Varied literatures have made significant efforts of revealing the way teachers’ attitudes in the elementary school impacts student behaviors. Pelletier (2002) argues that Supportive instructors leads to less student control. A few research studies have attempted to analyze the role of the ecological settings that influence instructors to embrace autonomy supportive or controlling conducts towards students. However, many researchers have made significant steps towards revealing whether teachers create a climate, which is primarily controlling or oriented towards supporting autonomy. For instance, some higher authorities impose regulations or restrictions that determine the way teachers should control their students. The research study conducted revealed that teachers were responsible for the students’ perfor mance from lower levels up to the high standard levels (Pelletier, 2002). Similar field research experiments were conducted and it was discovered that teachers who were externally pressured to produce better results in the learning institutions were more controlling and less effective than teacher who only helped students without controlling them. Pelletier (2002) examined the way instructors’ enthusiasm could either impact directly their coaching or arbitrate the effect between circumstantial dynamics and coaching conducts. For instance, rewarded teachers enabled students to make more errors while in an attempt of trying to employ a particular learning skill. The study research conducted observed that participants who were taught a certain skill by an extrinsically motivated teacher reported

A Taste of Honey by Shelagh Delaney Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

A Taste of Honey by Shelagh Delaney - Essay Example There is no attempt to connect the play to a wider social world, by 'argument' (characters do not debate the issues between themselves); nor does the play articulate a position on that world (there is no obvious authorial 'point of view' on display); nor, despite the contextual readings, does Delaney exploit the metonymic function of the characters, action or set, but rather the issues are visible in the texture of the personal relationships themselves. Stuart Hall noted this aspect of the play: Delaney is not at all self-conscious about her ability to portray Salford life but she accepts this as a framework for what she is really interested in communicating-her extraordinarily fine and subtle feel for personal relationships. No themes or ideas external to the play disturb its inner form: her values are all intensive. A Taste of Honey is remarkable partly because it breaks a number of racial and sexual taboos: Jo's lover is a black sailor and her flat-mate is homosexual, and the main action of the play is the journey into motherhood of a young, unmarried teenager. It is not simply that these things are represented, but that they are represented positively-that the form of the play elicits sympathy for characters that come to us heavy with connotations, who are part of a world that we 'read about every Sunday in the News of the World'. It is precisely such socially marginal and 'a-typical' characters with which the Wolfenden Report-and the press debate that followed it-was so concerned. The action of the play is contained by a 'comfortless flat', and the stage space is clearly marked as domestic. It is, however, an interior in which all the domestic activities are potentially on display; the kitchen area, the double bed, the living and eating areas-these are all visible, delineating a whole 'way of life' in its routines and chores. Very little conventional domestic activity actually takes place in this space, though, and when it does, it is not performed by characters who inhabit traditional roles. This is part of a complex series of reversals and oppositions in the play, in which expected connections are severed. The mother figure, Helen, is very unlike a 'mother', having no domestic abilities, being feckless and sexually active. The caring role is taken initially by Jo, the daughter, and then by Geoff, a man who displays none of the conventional 'male' attributes. The nearest to a white, male, heterosexual gender norm in the play is to be found in Peter, Helen's l over and fianc, who is presented as a lecher and a drunk. The three central characters are all potentially sexually active, and the two women become so. However, sex is destructive to happiness in the world of the play-as it is in Look Back in Anger. It separates mother and daughter (Helen's marriage to Peter) and leaves Jo with a baby. Jo's relationship with Geoff is only possible because it is without sex. The only moments of genuine difficulty between them are when sex is involved; Jo's demand that Geoff tell her what he does with

Cost (Management) Accounting Adds Value to an Entity Research Paper

Cost (Management) Accounting Adds Value to an Entity - Research Paper Example Vanderback)i Cost or managerial accounting is modern day useful accounting technology that helps departments of a business in variety of ways. Some of its major applications are as under: Inventory valuation: Costing helps in calculation of cost per unit. This cost per unit is employed to value inventory for financial statement and other purposes. Record costs: Costs associated with a product or service need to be recorded for the purposes of preparing income statement in order to evaluate the performance of the department and company over the selected financial period. Pricing of products and services: Cost per unit is helpful in the business to tag sale prices to its products and services. For example, if the cost of a product comes to $1.10 per unit, the management of the business may decide to price the product at $1.50 per unit in order to earn a profit margin of ?0.40 per unit. Decision making: Cost information is useful for the business to make important decisions regarding qu antity of the production keeping in view demand of product available in the market. Most business decisions are cost related as the ultimate aim of any business is to earn maximum profits by reducing costs. Practical use of managerial (cost) accounting practices Target costing Target costing is an application of absorption costing. It involves setting a target cost by subtracting desired profit from a competitive market price. Real world users include Sony, Toyota, and Swiss watchmakers, Swatch. In effect it is the opposite of conventional ‘cost plus pricing’. â€Å"Sony target costing system got five stages which are target price setting, target margin setting use interactive process and try to meet division’s long term profit objective, target cost setting which target cost is equal to target price minus target margin, and lastly is defined whether group target is met or not. If group target is met, it will go to final stage which is final decision making.â₠¬ (Sony Corporation: The Walkman Line)ii Target costing is in fact an adoption of absorption costing.â€Å"Under absorption costing both fixed and variable costs are charged to product costs.†(Rajasakeran V.)iiiAbsorption costing is invariably used by most companies in order to determine the full production cost per unit. In target costing Sony first estimate the selling price for a new product. Then reduce this price by its required level of profits. This provides a target cost figure for product designers to meet. Then it endeavours to reduce costs to provide a product that meets that target costs Marginal Costing Airlines generally use marginal cost concept. â€Å"When an airline flies without passengers in its seats that revenue is lost forever. So rather than having a fixed price for all seats for a particular flight it will vary its pricing based on how urgent the passenger wants to make the flight and how many seats are available. If the flight is partly booked it wi ll reduce it ticket prices in the last minute. Flying an extra passenger will only cost the cost of an extra sandwich. As long as the ticket price is over this extra sandwich cost it will make a profit.† (Skanda Kumarasangam)iv The airlines use marginal costing system. The marginal cost is the extra cost arising as a result of making and selling one more unit of product or service, or saving in the cost

Competence in Counseling Essay Example for Free

Competence in Counseling Essay Counseling is the professional guidance in resolving personal conflicts and emotional problems. It is advice, opinion, or instruction given in direction the judgment or conduct of another. Knowing how to posses personal qualities such as maturity, empathy, warmth, understanding, and knowledge. From a legal stand point ethics, morality, and law must be strongly conformed. It is accurate decision-making, knowing appropriate words to use, and knowledge of the governing standards that is required. Also knowing accurate information about culture and ethnicity of the present society. Aspects of Counseling Counseling has been misrepresented over the past years for different types of endorsements of products. In todays time the profession as far as counseling goes is now corresponded within its practice. The focus is on growth and wellness as well as clarification of mental disorders. In order to relate to the counseling field an understanding of guidance and psychotherapy must be understood along with having history of the profession. Guidance is leadership, instruction, or direction by helping others make important choices that affect their future in maintaining a productive and healthy lifestyle. An individual being taught guidance must learn to choose what values them the most in order to produce change within their life. This will give that particular individual a sense of direction by following instructions to becoming a leader. The goal in guidance is to promote resourceful and happy lives of individuals by helping them adjust to social actualities. Psychotherapy is a process focused on helping heal and learn more beneficial ays to deal with problems or issues within an individuals life. It is also a supportive process when going through a difficult time period or either under increased stress. It traditionally focused on serious problems associated with internal issues, personal issues, and conflicts. Normally psychotherapy is recommended when a person is struggling with a life, relationship, work issue, or a specific health concern causing the individual a great deal of pain or upset for longer than a few days. Counselors hold an important position that affect many lives throughout the course of a career. A counselor serves as an advice-giving role in a wide number of areas. There are many types of counselors, including school guidance counselors, psychological counselors, counselors for victims, youth camp counselors and more. Aspects of Counseling The vast majority of counselors are extremely caring people who are dedicated to their work and enjoy helping to make others lives better. There is a wide range of ideal personality traits that are associated with being a top counselor. One of the most important personality traits, if not the most important, is a keen ability to listen. In order to help people and find solutions to problems, the counselor must be a keen listener in order to best help the person seeking counsel. Counselors should also have an understanding of human psychology and possess a strong sense of sensitivity. Another ideal character trait for a counselor is having a strong sense of direction in order to find the best path to success for the people whom they counsel. Having a strong sense of direction usually solves problems more quickly and efficiently. Ideal counselor personality traits are a commitment to the profession, humanity and the client. The ideal counselor serves the assistance of the clients. The counselor will develop meaningful and trusting relationships with their clients and insure that this trust is not shaken or broken. An ideal counselors personality has a consumer first attitude and should represent a supporter and guidance role with nurturing characteristics to assist in the creation of a reliable bond between the client and the counselor. Other quality traits include their knowledge of the profession and its standards of practice, along with some background in psychology. A good organizational personality trait of a counselor is their willingness to promote efficient case management techniques. Aspects of Counseling As an effective counselor one of the main qualities needed is patience. Go to the next step of explanation only when the patient has clearly understood the content of the information you have provided. Therefore the counselor needs to have enough sufficient time for the patient, and should also be a good listener. Let the patient express everything he/she has to say, and give your inputs once when the patient has finished talking. A counselor should be very observant and able to interpret non-verbal communication for example if the patient looks angry, and then find out the cause of his/her anger first. An effective counselor should provide non-possessive warmth in a counseling environment. Smile and show concern and acceptance by showing comfort, empathy, and understanding to the patient. Counselors should have good knowledge on the topic /problem like compliance to medication. Some people do not take medication for the same reasons, while others demand medication. Understanding the factors why people may not do certain activities at specific time will help you to assist them better. Try to understand the feelings the patient is having in the counseling process. In other words put yourself in his/her position. Give the patient the opportunity to make his/her own decision from your message. Lastly be sure to make it aware to the patient that you as their counselor maintain confidentiality on what the patient tells you. This means that counseling must be done individually and privately. Letting the patient know that you maintain a high degree of personal reliability, trustworthiness and mutual trust as an effective counselor. Aspects of Counseling As there are three different levels of counseling relationships to be aware of nonprofessional, paraprofessional, and professional. Nonprofessionals would be considered as family, friends, colleagues, untrained volunteers, or supervisors who try in assisting those who are in need. Secondly, paraprofessionals are individuals who have received some sort of training in human relations. Lastly professionals are those who are educated with the nowledge to provide assistance on a protective and corrective level. While being the ideal, effective, and professional counselor you must also keep in mind that you must follow the ethical and legal aspects of counseling also. Ethics is defined as a philosophical discipline that is concerned with human conduct and moral decision-making. You should also familiarize yourself with morality, which involves judgment or evaluation of action, and another major definition to know is law, which is the precise organization of governing standards that are established to ensure legal and moral justice. The law does not dictate what is considered to be ethical but what is considered to be legal. Ethical codes are there to protect the profession from government. They allow the professions to control itself and functions independently instead of being controlled by legislation. In making ethical decisions counselors familiarize themselves with casebooks, professional colleagues, and principles. It is very crucial that counselors become well knowledgeable with ethics for the sake of their own well-being and of their patients as well. Multicultural psychology focuses on the cultural differences in thought processes and acceptable vs. nacceptable behaviors. It relates to normal lives such as home, education, work and relationships but also to what is considered abnormal or normal. Aspects of Counseling Knowing your patient plays a huge factor in counseling sessions as well. To know the cultural background of your patient can help you better relate to them as an individual. Many cultural ethnic groups live in the United States. A culture is behaviors, thoughts, perceptions, values, goals, and cognitive processes. An issue in multicultural counseling is the dominance of theories based on cultural values. A second issue is sensitivity to cultures in general, believes that are essential to counselors is knowledge of culturally different patients. Knowing that everyone is their own unique person, and have their own views on different things in today’s society. The counselor must also have the skills to work with patients of different cultures. Counselors must work in order to know their patients and their problems. European Americans when taken into consideration is a larger diverse population they are very common to the people of the United States. When counseling African Americans a counselor must understand the history, and coping mechanisms. Hispanics/Latinos a very diverse group as well, and regardless to their background they are very bicultural. Asian and Pacific Islanders are considered as hard working, successful, and not prone to mental or emotional distress. When dealing with many diverse groups like this a common theme is that counselors who work with a variety of culturally different patients must be knowledgeable about them collectively.

A Biographical Analysis Of President Bill Clinton Politics Essay

A Biographical Analysis Of President Bill Clinton Politics Essay For this assignment we chose as a subject: A President and his reign. We chose President Bill Clinton. We chose this subject, because we both once heard about Bill Clinton in the news and we also have read about him, but we didnt know a lot about him. So we were interested in the life of Bill Clinton and why he became president and what he has done for the United States of America. Our main question is: What has Bill Clinton done for the United States to keep the American Dream alive, when he was the president. We try to make a conclusion by the help of some sub-questions. Questions like: What were the most important decisions of Bill Clinton? And what were the initiatives of Bill Clinton. Early life Bill Clinton was born at the Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, in the state of Arkansas. Bill Clintons full name is William Jefferson Blythe III. His Father was William Jefferson Blythe Jr..His father died in a automobile accident three months before the birth of Bill. His mother, Virginia Dell Cassidy, traveled to New Orleans in order to study nursing. She left Bill behind by his grandparents, Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, in Hope. The grandparents of bill had their own grocery store. Shortly after her return in 1950, the mother of Bill married Roger Clinton. Roger owned together with his brother an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, also in the state of Arkansas. So the family moved to Hot Springs. In Hot Springs, Bill went to St. Johns Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School and the Hot Springs High School. There were two influential moments in Bills life that were important for him to become a public figure. The first one was his visit to the White House where he met President John F. Kennedy. The other moment was that he had listened to the I Have a Dream speech of Martin Luther King. Both moments took place in 1963. College years Bill Clinton received a Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service degree at Georgetown University in Washington D.C. in 1968. Also he won a Rhodes Scholarship to University College Oxford. In Oxford Bill studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics. He didnt received a degree there, because of switching programs and leaving early for Yale University. At Yale Law School, Bill obtained a Juris Doctor degree in 1973. At Yale he also met Hillary Rodham and they began dating. Bill and Hillary Married on October 11, 1975. And on February 27, 1980 Chelsea, their only child, was born. Bill took a job with the 1972 McGovern campaign and was chosen to lead McGoverns effort in Texas. He worked at the McGovern campaigns local headquarters in Dallas. In Dallas he worked with Ron Kirk (elected twice as the mayor of Dallas), Ann Richards (future governor of Texas) and Steven Spielberg (then an unknown television director and future filmmaker). Early carrier After his graduation from Yale Law School, Bill became a law professor at the University of Arkansas. After this he ran for the House of Representatives. He was beaten by John Paul Hammerschmidt. In 1976, Bill was elected Arkansas Attorney General. After this, Clinton was elected as the 40th Governor of Arkansas in 1978. He defeated the Republican candidate Lynn Lowe. In 1980 Clinton lost the elections from Frank D. White. The next two years Clinton worked on a comeback. He succeeded to become the 42th Governor of Arkansas. He had this position for six periods. In 1992, Clinton made himself selectable for the elections of 1992. The old President George H.W. Bush was seen as unbeatable, because of the victory of the Gulf War. That is also the reason why all kinds of Democrats didnt take part in the elections. During the pre-election, Clinton was up against the other Democrats Jerry Brown and Paul Tsongas. Clinton won the pre-election with the most of the votes. With this he won the nomination of the Democratic Party. He chose Senator Al Gore of Tennessee as his Running mate. Thanks to the bad economy, a tax raise and his charisma, Clinton won together with Al Gore the elections of 1992. The election of Clinton ended twelve years of Republican rule and twenty of the previous twenty-four years. Democrats were given full control of the United States Congress. After the Jimmy Carter presidency in the late 1970s, this was the first time this had taken place. Presidency First term 1993 1997 After Franklin D. Roosevelt, Clinton was the first democrat who was president for two full presidencies. Bill Clinton was inaugurated as the 42th President of the United States on January 20, 1993. He announced his intention to raise taxes to cap the budget deficit. Clinton unveiled his economic plan on February 17, 1993. His plan focused on deficit reduction rather than a middle-class tax cut. When Clinton took office as president of the United States, he signed the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. An act that made large companies to allow employees to take unpaid leave in case of a serious medical problem, pregnancy or when there were problems in the family. This was his first campaign promise he had fulfill. Another campaign promise of his was allowing openly homosexuals to serve in the army. Clinton had criticism from both left an from right. Left because the though Clinton was too tentative in promoting gay rights and right who dont allow homosexuals to serve the army. After a long discussing between Bill Clinton and the Pentagon, they decided to the Dont ask, dont tell policy. So long as homosexuals dont tell that they have feelings for the same gender, they may serve the army. Some advocates for gay rights criticized Clinton that he only made this campaign promise to get more votes, because the thought that he didnt went far enough. Clinton singed also in the law the Brady Bill, on November 30, 1993. This applies a five-day waiting period on the purchases of a handgun. Clinton expanded the Earned Income Tax Credit. This is a subsidy for workers with a low-income. Also during the 90s the Clinton administration pushed Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (a public government sponsored enterprise) to support more lending in low-income communities. They also used the Community Reinvestment Act to push banks to do the same. In August 1993, Bill Clinton signed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993. This act cuts the taxes for fifteen million families with a low-income, it mad tax cuts available to 90% of small companies and raised the taxes on the wealthiest of the taxpayers. The administration of Clinton launched the first official website of the White House, on October 21, 1994. The website was follow by three other version which result in the final edition, that was launched in 2000. The website was part of a wider movement toward communication were web-based. It opened the American government to more of the American people than ever before. Bill Clinton supported the NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) by the Senate. He strongly supported free trade measures and most of his Democratic Leadership Committee allies, however there were a lot of disagreements in the party itself. The treat was confirmed by the Senate and was signed into the law on January 1, 1994. Between 1992 and 1994 the Democrats had a big influence. But during the mid-term elections of 1994, they lost the majority in the White House and the Senate. This was the first time in 40 years. The important reason for this was the failed attempt from Hillary Clinton to create an universal coverage using a national health care reform plan. This was the first major defeat of Clintons administration. To reduce illegal immigration, Clinton signed the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act. The U.S Commission on Immigration Reform wants to reduce legal immigration to about 550.000 a year. In 1997 Senators Ted Kennedy and Orrin Hatch teamed up with Hillary Clinton and her staff to form the Childrens Health Insurance Program and they succeeded. Hillary also caused that the Adoption and Safe Families Act went through the Congress and two years later she succeeded in passing the Foster Care Independence Act. The President supported both. Second term 1997-2001

Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Issues in the UK and US

Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Issues in the UK and US Why it Remains a Pervasive Issue in the United States and the European Union   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unsolicited sexual harassment, especially toward women, has been a serious and harrowing issue all around the world for centuries. Title VII of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 in the United States defines sexual harassment as unwelcome advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of sexual nature that create offensive or hostile environments (1964, 3). This includes any instance of verbal harassment, molestation, rape, etc. that violate the victim’s dignity while creating a hostile, humiliating, or degrading environment (European Institute for Gender Equality). Sexual harassment has taken many shapes and forms throughout history but one fact remains, women are exploited and discredited while their harassers are more than often unaffected. Women have not been properly represented and advocated for within their respective countries and their voices have been silenced. They have not had a platform to advocate for themselves as well as others because most of the time, their accusations are ignored, discredited, and they are forced to hide their pain and suffering. Both the United States and the European Union have laws and legislature in place that prohibit institutions, like schools and workplaces, from having any gender discrimination and encourage the protection of women’s rights. Additionally, countries in the EU have ratified convention such as the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). However, these measures have been ineffective because there is a severe lack of regulation of these laws and conventions and no monitoring of how they are being implemented. Sexual harassment rates rise steadily in both these regions as over sixty percent of women in the US and EU have been sexually harassed in their lifetime (Clarke 2007, 1) and something must be done about it. Thankfully, testimonies, particularly from the past few years, have sparked the creation of movements that shed light on the horrifying instances of sexual harassment of women around the world and expose the individuals behind such abominable acts. Widespread movements, such as #MeToo and Time’s Up have given victims a community to heal and a voice through which they can combat sexual harassment both in and out of the workplace. There would not be a need for movements like these if harassment and assault were not a prominent issue. Sexual harassment remains a pervasive issue in both the United states and the European Union because, even with conventions, laws, and legislature in place, the lack of regulation, limited monitoring of implementation, and an absence of national recognition leave victims alone in their fight.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sexual harassment comes in many different forms and comprehending them is the first step toward understanding the magnitude of this issue. By comparing how both the United States and the European Union define sexual harassment, we can begin to analyze the inner workings of each country in regard to sexual harassment. Cases of sexual harassment are always unsolicited and unwelcome according to the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Moreover, the European Institute for Gender Equality defines sexual harassment as a form of gender based violence including acts of unwanted physical, verbal, and non-verbal conduct, which have the grounds or effect of violating the victim’s dignity while creating a hostile or degrading environment (EIGE 1). A key word used in the definition of both the US and the EU is unwelcome. The word unwelcome emphasizes the victims’ discomfort and feelings of entrapment. However, it is not the same as involuntary because a victim may have agreed to certain things before realizing it was offensive or potentially dangerous. The main difference between these two interpretations is their focus. The US centralizes on the act of sexual harassment while the EU concentrates on the results.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Additionally, there are two main distinctions of sexual harassment that apply to both the EU and the US. The first is the private sphere. This level details sexual abuse in the home or private life of an individual. A study conducted by Quinnipiac University revealed that fifteen percent of women who have been sexually harassed and/or abused said it happened at home. (Frederick, 2) People often forget that some instances of harassment occur within the victims’ homes because most cases of sexual assault occur in the second sphere, the public sphere. This form involves instances of verbal harassment, sexual advances, molestation, rape, etc. that occur in the general community (RAINN). Also included in the public sphere is sexual harassment in the workplace. United States law recognizes two kinds of sexual harassment within the workplace, quid pro quo sexual harassment and hostile work environment. Quid pro quo involves an employee that has to tolerate and endure sexual harassment in exchange for employment, a promotion, a raise, etc. Hostile work environment, as defined by US law, is an offensive work environment that hinders an employee’s performance as a result of sexual harassment in the workplace (Title VII). On the other hand, the EU does not recognize different forms of sexual harassment in the workplace and uses a general definition. This is a huge part of the problem because the lack of distinction and recognition generates apathy and people forget that sexual harassment in the workplace is an entirely different issue on its own.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The impact of sexual harassment on survivors is severe and can range from depression and anxiety to post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Victims can grow to fear physical and sexual conduct and avoid leaving their homes (Thomas, 143). According to Equal Rights Advocates, a women’s law center in the US, one in four women, between the ages of 18 and 35, have been sexually harassed in the workplace. This is only a statistic those who have reported sexual assault and, sadly, many women hide their pain and suffering out of fear. Additionally, this ratio gets slimmer as the women get older. The likelihood of women experiencing sexual harassment in or out of the workplace gets higher the older they are. If a study were conducted on women ages 18 to 75, the ratio would be closer to one in two women. 95 percent of these women suffer from debilitating stress reactions including anxiety, headaches, sleep disorders, weight loss or gain, depression, and fear of physical/sexual contact, as mentioned earlier (Equal Rights Advocates).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) concluded that around 90 million women in all EU Member States have experienced at least one form of sexual harassment since the age of 15. That means that almost 60 percent of women have been sexually harassed. These statistics prove that having ratified a convention such as CEDAW has little to no effect on harassment and assault if there is no implementation and hard-set guidelines. Sexual harassment has a disheartening effect that hinders women from asserting themselves within the workplace. Among men, it reinforces the stereotypical view of women as objects. Extreme sexual harassment creates hostile or intimidating work environments that cause women to quit their jobs and look for another one or it discourages them from seeking jobs altogether. Women are too afraid to speak out about the issues theyre facing because they do not want to lose their jobs but if it gets too intense they feel as there is no other option but to quit. For most of American and European history, women quietly endured mistreatment and harassment in the workplace, with little to no protection or way out. By the 1920s, working women were advised to quit their jobs if they cannot handle sexual advances (Hill, 2). These traumatized women, some of which are single mothers, lose their source of income because their voices are silenced and they cannot advocate for their rights. Moreover, sexual harassment at work can have major consequences not only for the victim but for other working women who witness it. Like the harassed individuals, women try not to draw too much attention to themselves to avoid being sexually harassed as well. This hinders them from performing their best because they do not want to stand out, even if it means sacrificing potential promotions, raises, acknowledgements, etc. (Webb, 52) These women are exploited and mistreated because they have no one to fight for them as laws against sexual harassment both in the US and the EU are not adequately enforced.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) is an international treaty that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1979. It outlines discrimination against women and calls for national action to end gender based discrimination, harassment, and violence. Additionally, it requires States Parties to legislate provisions, programs, policies, and strategies which prohibit sexual harassment in all spheres. The United States was one of the first signatories on the convention but still has not ratified it. The US claims there are laws and regulations already in place that achieve what CEDAW means to accomplish, one of them being Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It aims to eradicate sexual harassment in schools and workplaces. The goal of the Sexual Harassment Policy, which is in effect at all schools and workplaces, is to provide an environment free of sexual harassment, intimidation, and exploitation. However, it has not worked effectively as sexual assault and harassment rates are steadily increasing. On the other hand, countries in the European Union, such as France and the United Kingdom, have signed and ratified CEDAW. After ratifying the convention, member states are required to meet a series of conditions to end discrimination of women in all forms. This includes assimilating gender equality into their legal system, abolishing discriminatory laws and adopting appropriate ones, establishing public institutions, etc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To monitor the implementation of CEDAW, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women was set in place by the UN. It is comprised of 23 independent experts from around the world that conduct observations and propose recommendations to state parties. However, these observations are few and far apart and the recommendations are not heavily enforced. The committee also requests that reports be sent in every few years from all member states that have ratified CEDAW yet many do not comply. If a country does not send in general reports of how gender equality and anti-sexual harassment laws are being enforced, the UN does not take any action. These countries are still considered to have ratified the convention even if they are not adhering to the guidelines set forth by the UN. I wanted to evaluate whether there is a correlation between the rates of sexual harassment and ratification of CEDAW. I concluded that there is no correlation between the two because the United States and countries in the European Union have the same rates of sexual harassment and assault. On average, over sixty percent of women in the US and EU reported they have been sexually harassed in their lifetime and sexual harassment rates have been steadily increasing in both these regions (Clarke 2007, 1). This all leads back to the lack of appropriate application and reinforcement, for both CEDAW and other legislature like Title VII, that leaves victims and survivors of sexual assault unprotected while the perpetrators get away with their crimes. Furthermore, the unwillingness of national governments to properly implement and fully adhere to regulations concerning sexual harassment in the workplace causes this issue to remain pervasive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sexual harassment in the workplace is nothing new and has been an agonizing issue for centuries, but it has seen a massive wave of attention and recognition recently as celebrities, citizens, coworkers, and others use their platforms to advocate for the rights of women around the world. The prevalence of workplace harassment led to the creation of groundbreaking anti-sexual assault and women’s empowerment movements such as #MeToo and Time’s Up. These movements, like many others, would not be necessary if sexual harassment were not an issue or if it were properly addressed by national governments and institutions. Celebrities have stepped up and accused Hollywood producers, directors, and actors who have taken advantage of their positions and sexual harassed women, such as Harvey Weinstein, Louis C. K., and Kevin Spacey. Countless women have spoken out about harassers, specifically Harvey Weinstein whose scandals triggered a series of allegations against similarly powerful men around the world (Rodino-Colocino, 97). These events provoked the creation of the #MeToo movement, a stand against sexual harassment, specifically in the workplace. It started in the United States on social media as a hashtag under which women would share testimonies about their personal experiences with sexual assault, harassment, and rape in the workplace or a professional setting. It provides a community of healing and lets victims and survivors know that they are not alone in their pain. Celebrities are looked up to and their seemingly perfect lives are envied. The #MeToo movement is extremely powerful and shift our view of Hollywood’s elites. Their courage to openly and so vulnerably share their experiences with the world gives women hope. Through their stories, we can also see that fame and fortune does not grant you a perfect life. Celebrities go through pain, discomfort, and fear just like anyone else and this shows women that they can let their voice be heard as well. Victims in European Union countries have found their voice just as Americans through many powerful women’s declarations. The movement went viral in October of 2017 and exposed the widespread prevalence of sexual harassment. Since then, #MeToo has spread to over 200 countries and women in every community, big or small have the courage to speak out and advocate for their own rights (Edge, 22).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In response to the #MeToo movement and the Harvey Weinstein scandal, the Time’s Up movement was founded in January 2018 by Hollywood celebrities. Additionally, many A-listers have assisted in the creation of the Time’s Up Legal Defense Fund. The fund provides legal support, defense, and advising to victims of sexual harassment, assault, or abuse in the workplace. As of February 2018, Time’s Up has raised 20 million dollars for its legal defense fund. It has also gained over 200 volunteer lawyers who are going to work directly with victims to ensure their rights are protected (Chu 2018, 16). When you visit the Time’s Up website, the first thing you see is a quote that reads, â€Å"The clock has run out on sexual assault, harassment, and inequality in the workplace. It is time to do something about it.† This perfectly exemplifies the goal of the movement. The time is up on silencing women and protecting abusers. It is time to make a change and take matters into our own hands since governments refuse to acknowledge the severity of sexual harassment and do something about it (Time’s Up Now). However, the #MeToo and Time’s Up movements have caught plenty of negative backlash. Many men and, surprisingly, even women argue that these movements are unnecessary. Their claims range from attention seeking to pushing an extremist liberal agenda. The individuals who push back are not educated on the goals these movements. Many individuals have claimed that #MeToo and Time’s Up are only ways for women to get more attention and fame by falsely accusing others. People in opposition claim that since there is no proof of the assaults, other than women’s testimonies, how can they believe them? Additionally, men argue that accusations make male workers and executives have to avoid women in the workplace completely. They claim there is no communication between males and females unless it is directly related to work and this can hurt their work performance (Rodino-Colocino, 98). Nevertheless, the opposition to the movement has only given women a bigger reason to fight for their rights and protection. There will always be antagonists but victims and supporters are doing their part to lift their voices, especially for women who are teared down and silenced.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Additionally, the #MeToo and Time’s Up movements have made their way across the pond, literally. What started in the United States has made an impact all over the globe as more than 200 countries have been actively raising awareness and implementing the goals of these movements into their own communities (Edge, 22). The celebrities that have shown their support for the cause, such as Angelina Jolie, Natalie Portman, Justin Timberlake, Sebastian Stan, and many others, have utilized their platforms to advocate for an issue that is not only current in the United States but it applies all over the world including Europe. The global reach of these movements is massive and shows that women refuse to be silenced and cast aside, rather we will unite our voices and speak out for those who cannot. An example of the expansive influence of Time’s Up and #MeToo is the creation of British versions of them. British media and the entertainment industry have had a surge of simmering issues that leave women feeling hopeful of meaningful change. European celebrities, including Kierra Knightley, Emma Watson, and Daisy Ridley, are speaking out and demanding action. By the end of January, the British Time’s Up initiative had gained the support of over 50 internationally acclaimed women (Chu 2018, 16).They are uniting under this cause and increasingly raising their voices in a post Harvey Weinstein age. Various celebrities have reflected the support of Americans by wearing all black to the BAFTA ceremony much like celebrities who wore all black to the Oscars and the Golden Globes.These effects are mirrored in various countries in the EU and the resulting awareness is causing a change of drastic proportions. These movements have been able to achieve what national governments and legislature have failed to do. They have given all women a hopeful voice and have protected and defended them in the face of injustice and sexual harassment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I believe that there are many changes that could be implemented in both the United States and the European Union to lower the rates of sexual harassment in the workplace and, eventually, eradicate it. First, the United States should recognize the flaws and failures of its laws to fully protect women and eradicate sexual harassment in all spheres. They should take necessary measures to ratify CEDAW and enact legislative provisions that ensure the safety of women in and out of workplaces. There should also be proper punishment measures set forth for the perpetrators, such as termination of employment and prison sentences where necessary. Too many harassers get away with their crimes and they must be stopped. I believe that the US should also allocate funds to organizations, foundations, and movements like Time’s Up and #MeToo that properly identify harassers and provide defense for the victims of sexual assault. Next, countries in the European Union that have ratified CEDAW should regulate and measure the extent of implementations within their respective governments and institutions. I believe that EU countries would also benefit from recognizing various forms of sexual harassment rather than relying on a general definition. Additionally, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women under CEDAW should recruit more members to monitor application of the convention into law. They could also revoke the member states’ benefits of ratification. If they have not made an effort to implement policies and no change is detected, they should not be able to say they ratified the convention.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, the prevalence and pervasiveness of sexual harassment in both the United States can be attributed to their lack of regulation of these laws and conventions and the absence of implementation monitoring. Even so, the creation of movements such as Time’s Up and #MeToo have aided in representing for the victims of sexual assault and giving them a voice to speak out about their experiences. The lack of adequate representation and advocacy in the US left women no choice but to speak out for themselves and help others victims and survivors who have been silences. Their stand was inspiring and other countries like the United Kingdom, France, etc. mirrored their movements and efforts (Chu 2018, 16). This has been bringing about the change that governments failed to. Through the strength and global reach of these movement and fund the rates of sexual harassment and assault can be significantly lowered. Additionally, the US and the EU would benefit from implementing appropriate regulations to conventions, updating and revising current law and legislature, setting adequate punishment measures for perpetrators, and nationally recognizing sexual harassment in and out of the workplace. References Chu, Henry. â€Å"Time’s Up Movement Ripples across Pond.† Variety. 339(1):16. 2018. Clarke, Linda. 2007. †Sexual Harassment Law in the United States, the United Kingdom and the European Union: Discriminatory Wrongs and Dignitary Harms† in Common Law World Review, Vol. 36. Edge, Abigail. The #MeToo Movement: Sexual Misconduct Charges Force Industry to Confront Itself† in The Quill. pp. 22. 2018. European Parliament. â€Å"How Could CEDAW be Implemented in the EU Legal Framework?† in Directorate-General for Internal Policies, Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs. Frederick, Bob. 2016. The Victims of Sexual Harassment in America. Connecticut: Quinnipiac University. Latcheva, Rossalina. 2017. Sexual Harassment in the European Union: A Pervasive but Still Hidden Form of Gender-Based Violence† in Journal of Interpersonal Violence. Vienna: European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. Rodino-Colocino, Michelle. â€Å"#MeToo: Countering Cruelty with Empathy in Communication & Critical/Cultural Studies, pp. 96-100. 2018. Swift, Evangeline W. Sexual Harassment in the Federal Workplace: Trends, Progress, Continuing Challenges. Pennsylvania: DIANE Publishing. 1996. Thomas, Alison M. Politics, Policies and Practice: Assessing the Impact of Sexual Harassment Policies in UK Universities† in British Journal of Sociology of Education. 2004. Webb, Susan L. Step Forward: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace. MasterMedia Publishing Corporation. 1991. Zippel, Kathrin S. The Politics of Sexual Harassment: A Comparative Study of the United States, the European Union, and Germany. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Struggle in The River Between Essay -- River Between Essays

Struggle in The River Between  Ã‚   In the book "The River Between" we find traditional values of the tribe challenged by tribal members who had converted to Christianity. The novel focuses on the struggle between two conflicting interests: First there was the interest to convert Africans to Christianity, and the second was the tribe trying to keep their traditional values in the midst of Christianity. The most contrasting characters in the story were Waiyaki and Joshua. Waiyaki was a strong influence on the people of the land, and his father, Chege, was a man who had powerful visions of his son's future: "Salvation shall come from the hills ... Arise. Heed the prophecy" (Pg. 20). Waiyaki’s father put the burden of this prophecy on his son's shoulders. The realization of his role in this prophecy happened to Waiyaki in the end of the novel: " ... the journey with his father, the ancient prophecy and his bewilderment at its meaning" (Pg. 138). "Now he knew what he would preach if he ever got another chance: Education for unity. Unity for political freedom" (Pg. 143). Chege told Waiyaki to learn from the white people, but not to become involved in their vices: "Learn all the wisdom and all the secrets of the white man. But do not follow his vices" (Pg. 20). Waiyaki began to learn that knowledge and learning was important in order for his people to become victorious over the invasion of the white man. Waiyaki also understood that the traditions o f the tribe is what kept their people together, it was their roots: "Circumcision was an important ritual to the tribe. It kept people together, bound the tribe ... End the custom and the spiritual basis of the tribes cohesion and integration would be no more" (Pg. 68). And even tho... ...ormed, so the Western revolutions in both religion and government were gladly accepted by the Western cultures. But the Western invaders never realized how old these civilizations were that they were intruding upon, and they never realized that African, Chinese, or American Indian's cultures were thousands of years old. Western cultures have impacted many countries, such as India, for when the ancient invaders came to the land, such as the Aryans, eastern Indians accepted some of their beliefs, and they were even integrated into Indian society. But when modern Western cultures came into contact with India, particularly the British, they eventually took over the government and made the Indians second rate citizens. And until the 20th century India was under their control. So Western cultures have definitely had an influencing impact on other cultures.       Struggle in The River Between Essay -- River Between Essays Struggle in The River Between  Ã‚   In the book "The River Between" we find traditional values of the tribe challenged by tribal members who had converted to Christianity. The novel focuses on the struggle between two conflicting interests: First there was the interest to convert Africans to Christianity, and the second was the tribe trying to keep their traditional values in the midst of Christianity. The most contrasting characters in the story were Waiyaki and Joshua. Waiyaki was a strong influence on the people of the land, and his father, Chege, was a man who had powerful visions of his son's future: "Salvation shall come from the hills ... Arise. Heed the prophecy" (Pg. 20). Waiyaki’s father put the burden of this prophecy on his son's shoulders. The realization of his role in this prophecy happened to Waiyaki in the end of the novel: " ... the journey with his father, the ancient prophecy and his bewilderment at its meaning" (Pg. 138). "Now he knew what he would preach if he ever got another chance: Education for unity. Unity for political freedom" (Pg. 143). Chege told Waiyaki to learn from the white people, but not to become involved in their vices: "Learn all the wisdom and all the secrets of the white man. But do not follow his vices" (Pg. 20). Waiyaki began to learn that knowledge and learning was important in order for his people to become victorious over the invasion of the white man. Waiyaki also understood that the traditions o f the tribe is what kept their people together, it was their roots: "Circumcision was an important ritual to the tribe. It kept people together, bound the tribe ... End the custom and the spiritual basis of the tribes cohesion and integration would be no more" (Pg. 68). And even tho... ...ormed, so the Western revolutions in both religion and government were gladly accepted by the Western cultures. But the Western invaders never realized how old these civilizations were that they were intruding upon, and they never realized that African, Chinese, or American Indian's cultures were thousands of years old. Western cultures have impacted many countries, such as India, for when the ancient invaders came to the land, such as the Aryans, eastern Indians accepted some of their beliefs, and they were even integrated into Indian society. But when modern Western cultures came into contact with India, particularly the British, they eventually took over the government and made the Indians second rate citizens. And until the 20th century India was under their control. So Western cultures have definitely had an influencing impact on other cultures.      

Agatha Christie Biography :: essays research papers

Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller Christy (September 15, 1890 - January 12, 1976), was a British crime fiction writer. Christy published over eighty books and other works, mainly whodunits. While her work is not considered part of the literary canon, she is a major figure in detective fiction. In particular, The Murder of Roger Ackroyd is noted for its use of narrative and its twist on the established genre. Most of her books and short stories have been filmed, some many times over (Murder on the Orient Express, Death on the Nile, 4.50 from Paddington). The BBC has made television versions of most of the Poirot and Marple stories. She also used the pen name Mary Westmacott for romantic novels. She was married to Sir Max Mallowan, a British archaeologist, which contributed background to several of her novels set in the Middle East. Other novels were set in Torquay, Devon, where she was born. During World War I she worked as a pharmacist, a job that also influenced her work: many of the murders in her books are carried out with poison. In December 1926 she disappeared for eleven days and caused quite a storm in the press. Opinions are still divided as to whether this was a publicity stunt or an emotional breakdown. Famous characters include Hercule Poirot and Jane Marple. Her stage play The Mousetrap holds the record for the longest run ever in London, opening in London in November 1952 and still running after 50 years and more than 20,000 performances. Sir Richard Attenborough, who was in the original production, participated in an anniversary performance: "It lasted so long because it is a bloody good play. Agatha Christy is very, very clever indeed." Two of her novels were written at the height of her career, but held back until after her death: they were the last cases of Poirot and Miss Marple. Agatha Christie Biography :: essays research papers Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller Christy (September 15, 1890 - January 12, 1976), was a British crime fiction writer. Christy published over eighty books and other works, mainly whodunits. While her work is not considered part of the literary canon, she is a major figure in detective fiction. In particular, The Murder of Roger Ackroyd is noted for its use of narrative and its twist on the established genre. Most of her books and short stories have been filmed, some many times over (Murder on the Orient Express, Death on the Nile, 4.50 from Paddington). The BBC has made television versions of most of the Poirot and Marple stories. She also used the pen name Mary Westmacott for romantic novels. She was married to Sir Max Mallowan, a British archaeologist, which contributed background to several of her novels set in the Middle East. Other novels were set in Torquay, Devon, where she was born. During World War I she worked as a pharmacist, a job that also influenced her work: many of the murders in her books are carried out with poison. In December 1926 she disappeared for eleven days and caused quite a storm in the press. Opinions are still divided as to whether this was a publicity stunt or an emotional breakdown. Famous characters include Hercule Poirot and Jane Marple. Her stage play The Mousetrap holds the record for the longest run ever in London, opening in London in November 1952 and still running after 50 years and more than 20,000 performances. Sir Richard Attenborough, who was in the original production, participated in an anniversary performance: "It lasted so long because it is a bloody good play. Agatha Christy is very, very clever indeed." Two of her novels were written at the height of her career, but held back until after her death: they were the last cases of Poirot and Miss Marple.

Four Types Of Financial Statements Essay

Financial Statements come in four basic types; income statement, retained earnings, the statement of cash flow and the balance sheet. These statements are used both internally and externally to calculate the profitability and liabilities of a company. The financial statements of a company are the window for managers, investors, and creditors into the stability of a company. The details of a financial statement differ from the type of the statement and are used by different entities to determine if they want to invest in the company, lend to the company or by managers to determine if the company is operating and the needed level to continue growing. The income statement is a snapshot for a defined time that lists revenues and expenses to equal the net income of the company. Revenues are broken down into sales and other sales. Expenses are items such as cost of goods sold, selling marketing administrative costs, and total income tax. The income statement reports on the success or failure of the company’s operations by reporting its revenues and expenses. If the company’s revenues exceed its expenses, it will report net income; otherwise it will report a net loss (Kimmel & Kieso, 2009). The income statement reports of the company’s operations are profitable or not. The income statements reports how successful the company is at generating a profit at sales. Retained earnings statements are statements of shareholders in dividends and earnings paid to owners. This statement shows the earnings kept by the owners to ensure future growth. High-growth companies generally do not pay dividends and reinvest into the company. This statement shows amounts and cause of change during a period in time. The beginning of the statement shows retained earnings and adds net income and deductions for dividends. The balance sheet is the third type of financial statement that show claims  to assets over a certain period of time. The balance sheet brakes down the short -term and long- term assets of the company. The balance sheets groups similar assets with similar liabilities. Current assets are listed first, long-term investments nets and fixed assets, along with intangible assets like patents. Current liabilities payable in less than a year such as notes payable, accounts payable, salaries payable, unearned revenue, and interest payable are listed first. These are followed by mortgage notes due in more than one year and other notes due in more than a year. Last listed are stockholders equities such as common stock, and retained earnings. Companies list assets in order for which they expect to convert to cash (Kimmel & Kieso, 2009). The last type of basic financial statement is the statement of cash flow. This statement discloses cash receipts and cash payments made to the company for a specific period of time. The statement of cash flow reports the operating, investing, and financial activities of the company. This statement will answer questions such as where did the money come from, how as the money used, and what was the change that happened? Negative numbers are reflected with brackets (). Additionally, these statements report the net increase or decrease in cash during a period in time and the amount of cash at the end of said time. Many entities use financial statement, both inside, and outside the company. Managers can use the balance sheet to determine if the cash on hand is sufficient for immediate cash needs. They can also use these statements to look at the relationship between debts and stockholders’ equity to determine if the company has satisfactory proportion of debt and common stock financing (Kimmel & Kieso, 2009). Creditors can use the financial statements to determine the likely hood of being repaid. The statements will tell the creditors if there are sufficient assets to sell to repay a debt. Using ratio analysis, revenues- expenses= net income, the creditor can measure the success of a company for a given period. Long- term investors and creditors look at the solvency of a company; that is the measurement of long- term survival of the company. Investors use financial statements to determine if they should invest in the company or cash out the stocks they hold, because  of losses in the c ompany. Publicly traded companies must release annual reports, including financial statements, manager’s discussion and analysis, notes to the financial statements and an independent auditors report. Investors use all of these items to ensure they are making a sound investment. References Kimmel, P. D., Weygandt, J. J., & Kieso, D. E. (2009). Financial accounting: Tools for business decision making (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Economic Order Quantity model (EOQ) and the Just-In-Time model (JIT) Essay

1.0 INTRODUCTION It is very important that successful enterprises need efficient stock control management, especially in manufacturing companies and retail distribution. In business practice, we usually use many stock control models such as the Economic Order Quantity model (EOQ) and Just-In-Time model (JIT). The purpose of this report is to indicate the rationale of EOQ and JIT models and detailed to explain the effectiveness in practice of the two models. Moreover, I decided to take the McDonald company as an example, which illustrate JIT model is being applied by McDonald company. In this report, by serious study and literature review, combined with refer to relevant books, search useful information from internet and my personal idea. I have examined concepts of EOQ and JIT models. Followed by discuss the rationale of them, and illustrate effectiveness of the two models in practice that we may fully understand the importance of EOQ and JIT systems in company’s daily operation. Finally, use JIT system in McDonald Company is presented. 2.0 THE ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY MODEL AND JUST-IN-TIME MODEL 2.1 Definition 2.1.1 Economic Order Quantity model The Economic Order Quantity stock control model also called the economic lot size or economic production quantity, it affirms that â€Å"the optimal quantity of an inventory item to order at any time is that quantity that minimizes total inventory costs over planning period† (Horne and Wachowicz 1995, p.271). 2.1.2 Just-In-Time model The Just-In-Time stock control model â€Å"is an integrated set of activities designed to achieve high-volume production using minimal inventories of raw materials, work-in-process, and finished goods† (Aquilano et al. 2004, p.426). 3.0 THE BASIC ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY MODEL In 1913, F. W. Harris developed an EOQ model which has been applied widely. This model is being used in planning the purchase raw materials, and suppliers, and in planning purchases for wholesalers and retailers who resell products. 3.1 Assumptions of EOQ Model It is necessary to the inventory management that EOQ model is one of the most commonly approach. Use this model is relatively simple, however, according to Heizer and Render (2001, p.481), it must based on the following assumptions or conditions: Rate of demand is constant, known and independent. Lead time is certainty and constant, therefore, when the stock down to zero, the stock could be added at a precise time. Quantity discounts are impossible. The stock is immediate and complete. If ordered goods are in appropriate time, shortages can be prevent. Setup cost and holding or carrying cost are belong to variable costs. 3.2 The Objective of EOQ Model â€Å"The objective of the EOQ model is to determine the optimal quantity of inventory to order and the best time to place the order† (Dyclcman et al. 1990, p.630). In fact, the EOQ is balancing two inventory management costs: carrying cost and ordering costs. Dyclcman et al. argue (1990): Carrying costs include out-of-pocket costs such as storage, insurance, taxes and so on. Opportunity costs is related to the cost of investing capital in inventory rather than in other income-producing assets. Ordering costs include out-pf-pocket expenditures incurred every time an order is placed, such as handling, shipping, and so on. Dyclcman et al. (1990) make a further statement: Carrying costs and ordering costs demonstrate different cost behaviors relative to the level of inventory maintained. Carrying costs increase with the quantity of inventory maintained; ordering costs decrease with the quantity of inventory maintained. The more inventory kept on hand, the more storage, handling, and other such carrying costs are incurred. The larger the amount of inventory, the fewer number of orders needed to replenish the inventory and the smaller the amount of ordering costs. 3.3 Validity of the assumptions and model robustness Although the assumption of EOQ model shows highly restrictive, one advantage of EOQ model is that it is quite robust. As mentioned onwards, there are some assumptions will be dropped, like no quantity discounts, no shortages, no uncertainty in demand and lead time. On the other hand, â€Å"such as a constant demand rate and a constant holding cost per unit, can be violated somewhat without substantially reducing the accuracy of the solution† (Martinich 1997, p. 671). When the demand face seasonal changes, model can be changed to adapt to this situation. Martinich (1997) stated clearly: The important feature of EOQ model is that the function of total stocking cost is flat around the optimal order quantity. Estimating ordering cost per unit time and holding cost per unit time are very crucial, because they are not often very accurate. Therefore, the value computed for EOQ cannot equal the true optimal value. â€Å"However, because of the flatness of the total stocking cost function, even if the computed EOQ is 20%-30% different from the true optimal, the cost penalty is relatively small†(Martinich 1997, p.671). Robust is defined as â€Å"a model that gives satisfactory answers even with substantial variation in its parameters† (Heizer and Render 2001, p.486). As we mentioned above, it is difficult to decide accurate ordering costs and holding costs for inventory management. Thus, a robust model is very favorable and some errors do not cost us very much. This is because that the EOQ model is most convenient and it can accurately forecast demand, holding cost, and ordering cost is limited. 3.4 Fixed Order Point versus Fixed Order Interval Policy EOQ model is an approach of the fixed order point policy. According to Ellram et al. (1998, p.128): Throughout the ordering process, as long as the EOQ model was identified, a fixed quantity will be ordered every time. â€Å"An order is placed when inventory on hand reaches a predetermined minimum level necessary to satisfy demand during the order cycle.† An order will be generated through the automated inventory management system. Another reorder policy is the fixed order interval method. Use this method, we may set time interval, maybe every week. Under this method, many projects are bought by the same supplier. â€Å"A weekly order may be placed to reduce ordering costs and take advantages of purchase volume discounts and freight consolidation.† 4.0 JUST-IN-TIME PRODUCTION SYSTEM As we all know, the most effective stock management approach is JIT production control system over the past 50 years. The system is currently being used by many industries. 4.1 JIT Logic For the purpose of JIT system, it intend to use minimum inventories of raw materials, process of production, and finished goods to achieve high output. Need is based on the occurrence of product’s actual demand, otherwise nothing will be produced. Theoretically, if an item is sold, the market will pull a substitute in the system. â€Å"This triggers an order to the factory production line, where a worker then pulls another unit from an upstream station in the flow to replace the unit taken† (Aquilano et al. 2004, p.427). Then this upstream station pulls to further upstream and back to release of raw materials. To make this pull process more smoothly, JIT need high quality in every procedure, strong supplier relationships, and a very clearly demand for the final product. 4.2 Feature of JIT production system In JIT production system, Black et al. (1996, p.842) argue that it include three key features: 1). Operation of production line is based on demand-pull, as a result, each workstation’s activity is subject to the approval of the demand of downstream workstations. There are many approaches to use demand-pull feature, but the most common method is Kanban system which is the Japanese term for a visual record or card. Under Kanban system, use a kanban card to operate to authorized another operation to produce a given part of the special quantity. Black et al. (1996) provide an example: â€Å"suppose the assembly department of a muffler manufacture receives an order for 10 mufflers. The assembly department triggers productions of the 10 metal pipes it needs to make the 10 mufflers by sending a kanban card to the machining department, which then begins producing the pipes. When production is completed, the machining department attaches the kanban card to the box containing the mental pipes and ships the package downstream to the assembly department, which starts the cycle over again when it receives the next customer order.† 2). Each unit including the setup time and manufacturing lead time are minimized. When a product is prepare to begin in production line, then turned into finished products, the process of the elapse of the time is known as manufacturing lead time. Production of demand normally produced relatively small quantities, however, as long as setup times are small, it is cost-effective to produce product in small quantities. 3). If parts have defective and insufficient, the production line will cease operation. Each staff should attach great importance to reducing the occurrence of such problems like defective material parts. Conversely, under the traditional inventory management system, workers can ignore defective parts and continue to work because the inventory parts and work in process are huge. Hirsch et al. (1989, p.746) take a similar view, they have also added an important argument that total quality control (TQC) is often combined with JIT system. All the staff have become quality control inspection personnel, meanwhile, if products and materials are found to be not meeting quality standard, the production line should suspend operation. As long as this situation happened, it must be resolved as soon as possible. It means that workers have not impetus to ignore the fault in the early of production process stage, they had to stop their work process. 4.3 JIT Costing The fundamental difference between JIT method and other traditional methods is the treatment of the costs. According to Hirsch et al. (1989, p.746), under the traditional approach of costing, raw materials or reserves firstly get into an asset account, when they are transported. After these amounts are transferred into a work-in process account, they will be put into operation as raw materials. â€Å"Then, as the materials move from process to process they pass through a series of work-in-process accounts for each operation.† Eventually, when the product inventory through work-in-process account transfer to finished product inventory account. â€Å"With JIT the incoming materials are entered at cost directly into a material and work-in-process inventory account.† There is no series of work-in-process accounts for each process because there is very little work-in-process to account for. The value of material is diverted to finished product inventory account because the product has been completed. 4.4 JIT Purchasing In JIT purchasing, suppliers use the replacement principle of Kanban by using small, standard-size containers and make several shipments daily to each customer. JIT not only reduces in-process inventories by using Kanban, but also raw materials inventories are reduced by applying the same principles to suppliers as well. According to Frazier and Gaither (2001): the elements of JIT purchasing are as following: 1). Supplier development and supplier relations undergo fundamental changes. The nature of the relationships between customers and suppliers shifts from being adversarial to being cooperative. The Japanese call these relationships subcontractor networks and refer to suppliers as co-producers. 2). Purchasing departments develop long-term relationships with suppliers. The result is long-term supply contracts with a few suppliers rather than short-term supply contracts with many suppliers. 3). Although price is very important, delivery schedules, product quality, and mutual trust and cooperation become the primary basis of supplier selection. 4). Suppliers are encouraged to extend JIT approach to their own suppliers. 5). Suppliers are ordinarily located near the buying firm’s factory, or if they are some distance from the factory, they are often clustered together. This causes lead times to be shorter and more reliable. 6). Shipments are delivered to the customer’s production line directly. Because suppliers are encouraged to produce and supply parts at a steady rate that matches the use rate of the buying firm, company-owned hauling equipment tends to be preferred. 7). Parts are delivered in small, standard-size containers with a minimum of paperwork and in exact quantities. 8). Delivered material is of near-perfect quality. Because suppliers have a long-term relationship with the buying firms and because parts are delivered in small lot sizes, the quality of purchased materials tends to be higher. 5.0 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EOQ MODEL IN PRACTICE 5.1 Examination of EOQ Assumptions In the practice of business arena, although EOQ model enable to generate many good results, many limitations of EOQ model is combined with its own assumptions. Schroeder (1993, p.592) argued as following: 1). In practice, demand is assumed to be constant, but in many cases demand is shifty. 2). The unit cost is assumed constant, in practice, however, normally if the purchase of large quantities, it will gain quantities discounts. â€Å"This case needs a modification of the basic EOQ model and is treated in the chapter supplement.† 3). The material in the lot is assumed to arrive all at once, but in some cases material will be placed in inventory continuously as it is produced. This case is also treated in the supplement. 4). A single product is assumed, however, sometimes several projects were purchased through a single provider. Meanwhile they are being shipped at one time. 5). Suppose the setup cost is static, as a matter of fact, it is always decreased. These assumptions have been pointed out to illustrate the limitation of the basic EOQ model, nevertheless it is useful approximation in practice. The formula at least â€Å"puts you in the ballpark†, provided the assumptions are reasonably accurate. In addition, the total-cost curve is rather flat in the region of the minimum. Therefore the EOQ can be adjusted somewhat to conform to reality without greatly affecting the costs. The EOQ formula can also offer insight into economic behavior of inventories. For example, traditional turnover arguments suggest that inventory should increase directly with sales if a constant turnover ratio is desired. Since turnover is the ratio of sales to inventory, a doubling of sales will allow a doubling of inventory if the turnover rate is held constant. But the EOQ formula suggests that inventory should increase only with the square root of sales. This indicates that it is net economical to maintain a constant turnover ratio as sales increase; a higher turnover is indeed justified. It is important for financial manager that fully understand limitations and assumptions of the EOQ model will offer a strong base of making stock management decision. 5.2 EOQ Model Extension Obviously, through the above discussion, some assumptions of EOQ model are impractical. In order to make this model more useful, it is necessary to extension for EOQ model. Besley and Brigham (2005, pp.602-603) state clearly: To begin with, if there is a delay between the time inventory is ordered and  when it is received, the company have to reorder before it use up inventory. To avoid this, the firm can carry safety stock, which means â€Å"additional inventory carried to guard against unexpected changes in sales rates or production/shipping delays.† The amount of safety stock a company holds generally increase with a) the uncertainty of demand forecasts, b) the costs (in term of lost sales and lost goodwill) that result from stockouts, and c) the chances that delay will occur in receiving shipments. The amounts of safety stock decreases as the cost of carrying this additional inventory increase. Moreover, a company should consider when determining appropriate inventory level is whether its supplier provides discounts to purchase large quantities. It is unrealistic to suppose that the demand for the inventory is uniform in the year, the  EOQ model should not be based on an annual to applying. More appropriate approach should divide the year into the seasons like the spring, the summer, the fall, and the winter which sales are relatively constant; then the EOQ model can be applied separately to each periods. 6.0 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF JIT IN PRACTICE In practice, we have already found that JIT system have its potential benefits and its problems. It is important to use that fully comprehension the merits and the problems of JIT system. 6.1 Typical Benefits of JIT Meredith and Shafer (2002, p.351) deem that JIT provide various advantage in real operation: Cost savings. There are many approaches to save cost. Such as inventory reduction, reduced scrap, fewer defect, less space, fewer changes due to both customers and engineering, decreased labor hours, less rework, reduced rework, and other such effects. Total savings range in the neighborhood of  20 to 25 percent, with significantly higher savings on individual categories such as inventory and defects. Revenue increases. Through high-quality product and satisfactory service to customers, revenue will be increased. Short lead time and rapidly reply to meet customer’s need lead to better margins and higher sales. The rapid research and development of new products and service will bring more revenues. Investment savings. Investment is saved through three primary effects. First, less space is needed for the same capacity. Second, inventory is reduced to the point that turns run about 50 to 100 a year. Third, the volume of work produced in the same facility is significantly increased, frequently by as much as 100 percent. Workforce improvement. JIT company’s employees are more satisfied with their work. They prefer the teamwork it demands, and they like the fact the fewer problems arise. They are also better trained for the flexibility and skills needed with JIT, and they enjoy the growth they experience in their jobs. â€Å"All this translates into better, more productive work.† Uncovering problems. One of the unexpected benefits is the greater visibility to problems that JIT allows, if management is willing to capitalize on the chance to fix these problems. In trying to speed up a process, all types of difficulties are uncovered and most of them are various from of waste so not only is response time but also is usually zero. 6.2 Potential Problems in Implementing JIT It is important that JIT system has some problems and limitations. According to Meredith and Shafer (2002, p.353), there are some difficulties and problems as following: First of all, JIT system is do for repetitive production case, including relatively standard products. It does not applicable to custom, continuous  flow, or project situation. JIT system is not long-term operations, because it is based on the identical mixed-model plans to operation in every day. Clearly, when setups need to spend a long time, JIT will not able to run continuously. JIT system often has setups, it also has frequent shipments and receipts. Therefore the company must be prepared for this too. JIT need principle as well. Production will cease, once products are not arrive on schedule, or flaws happen. Moreover, we have no other means or time to make up for mistakes. Production system must be used correctly, workers must fulfill their work seriously, otherwise run of JIT system will fail. Principle is usually linked with supply chain. The biggest problem to successful operation of JIT system is unrealistic deliveries from suppliers. For example: Suppose X company’s two important suppliers have already gone strike for several days, X company was forced to close 10 of its plants at a cost of almost $500 million in lost profits. When an important supplier their supply, JIT is very danger if there is no backup supplier. In addition, equally serious problem is when a comprehensive delivery service goes on strike, like UPS and FEDEX strike that idled thousands of business and caused a major disruption in the economy. Although other delivery service can sometimes fill in, they often cannot bring sufficient capacity to the problem to keep JIT operating without disruption. On the other hand, JIT is based on cooperation and trust among workers, managers, suppliers, customers, and so on. The current environment must be trust and competition is not exist, or else JIT will not run successfully. Trust and cooperation must also be extended to the external such as suppliers and customers. â€Å"With suppliers, this means moving to risky, single-source contracts and bringing an outsider into the project team, where there may be proprietary secrets.† 6.3 E-Commerce and JIT Purchasing Nowadays, JIT system combined with e-commerce, making the JIT purchasing has  become better to use in practice. E-commerce has already put up a advantage to JIT purchasing. There are some merits being showed: Reduce waste of time to deal with paper work and reduce the procurement lead time; labor costs are also reduced. â€Å"The bottom line is a more efficient and effective purchasing process† (Frazier and Gaither 2001, p.477). E-commerce can drive the use of Kanban between manufacturer and suppliers. Under method of Internet-based system, a manufacturer can electronically send Kanban to suppliers. E-Kanban and paper Kanban have identical functions, however they can provided to suppliers rapidly. 7.0 JIT SYSTEM IN MCDONALD COMPANY  ·What are the benefits for McDonald? The major benefits for McDonald are better food at a lower cost. McDonald Company has found something that allows them to improve quality and lower costs.  ·Improved Quality The less obvious benefit is the higher quality customer service that arises from the JIT burger assembly. When McDonald waits for you to order the burger, they do a few things to improve customer service. First of all, when you place a special order, it does not send McDonald’s into a panic that causes huge delays. Now that McDonald company is in the practice of waiting until you order a burger until they make it, they don’t freak out when they have to make a special order fresh just for you. This higher quality customer service is subject to McDonald ability to produce faster. Without this ability, McDonald’s ordering costs would be sky-high because the costs associated with ordering would be the loss of customers tired of ordering fast food that really isn’t fast. Second, JIT allows McDonald to adapt to demand a little bit better. Seemingly, lower inventory levels would cause McDonald’s bigger problems in a higher demand because they wouldn’t have their safety stock. However, because they can produce burgers in a record time, they don’t have to worry about their pre-made burger inventories running out in the middle of an exceptionally busy shift.  ·Lower Costs In McDonald, the holding costs for burger parts (beef, cheese, whatever other garbage they put on their burgers) are fairly high because of their spoilage costs. Frozen ground beef that’s good today might not be so good in a few months. Once cooked, the same ground beef’s spoilage rate shoots through the roof. Instead of having a shelf life of months or weeks, the burger needs to be sold within 15 minutes or so. The holding costs go from roughly 20% per week to 100% per hour.  ·Why use JIT? According to argument of Inventory management review (2005):  ·Economic Order Quantity Savings A large benefit of JIT is that it reduces the total cost of ordering and holding inventory. High holding costs is the nature of the fast food industry. JIT system allowed them to exploit the savings that were realized by holding less inventory. High holding costs and low ordering costs are the factors that drive JIT. Generally, it’s the ability to lower ordering costs that make it a feasible solution. McDonald was slave to the high holding costs. It was just the nature of their industry. The solution for them was that while they couldn’t lower holding costs, they could lower ordering costs. EOQ determines how much you should order and there are two factors that drive economic order quantities down: low ordering costs and high holding costs. Depending on the product and the industry, one or both of these qualities may exist in your operations. If they do, JIT may be right for you. Without the ability to make ordering costs low as a percentage of holding costs,  then there is no need for JIT. In fact, the increased frequency in ordering will result in cost increases.  ·Safety Stock Reductions The other aspect of JIT is the drastic reduction in safety stock. Two reasons result in safety stock exist: variability in demand and variability in lead times from suppliers (for McDonald company, the supplier is the internal production process). If lead time is shorter, which JIT tries to accomplish, then this part of the safety stock is smaller, this lowering safety stock inventory. McDonald company is accomplished this by creating a system that allowed a faster burger production (McDonald’s lead times are internal). On the other hand, If lead time has no variance or is reduced, then this term can be eliminated or at least reduced. Again, this is what JIT try to accomplish. McDonald company is accomplished by standardizing production. McDonald Company fully understand that a considerable amount of work needs to be done with suppliers/internal operations in order to accomplish the tasks of shortening lead times and reducing their variances. McDonald company has the resource to implement JIT system successfully. However, in competitive industries, JIT is not optimal for all the firms. JIT, like most management accounting techniques, is not a universal panacea, and some firms find it profitable like McDonald, Walmart, and so on; some are not. 8.0 CONCLUSION It should be said that stock management is prominent aspect of working capital management. For the purpose of control stock level, most of companies use EOQ and JIT models in practice. Efficiency gains in inventory management can bring significant improvement to overall company financial performance. However, no model has been fully satisfactory. The two models have advantages and disadvantages respectively. In general, although each  model will work well in certain environments, they may not work well in other environments. An inappropriate choice of system can be expensive mistake. Thus, it can be concluded that each company should choose own different stock control model with its own conditions and efficient inventory management can lead to better planning and business control. LIST OF REFERENCE Eric Smith, Joseph G. Louderback III, and Maurice. Hirsch 1989, _Cost Accounting in Australia: Accumulation, Analysis, and Use_, Published by Thomas Nelson, p.746. Richard B. Chase, F. Robert Jacobs, and Nicholas J. Aquilano 2004, _Operations Management for Competitive Advantage_, 10th edn., McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, pp.426-427. Jay Heizer and Barry Render 2001, _Operations Management_, Prentice-Hall Inc. New Jersey, pp.481-486. Joseph S. Martinich 1997, _Production and Operations Management: An Applied Modern Approach_, John Wiley & Sons Inc., p. 671. Lisa M Ellram, Douglas M. Lambert, and James R. Hock 1998, _Fundamental of Logistics Management_, Irwin/McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, p. 128. Charles T. H Orngren, George Foster, Srikant M. Datar, Terry Black, and Phil Gray 1996, _Cost Accounting in Australia: A Managerial Emphasis_, Prentice Hall Australia Pty Ltd., p. 842. James C. Van Horne and John M. Wachowicz Jr. 1995, _Fundamental of Financial Management_, Prentice-Hall International Inc., p. 271. Roger G. Schroeder 1993, _Operations Management: Decision Making in the Operations Function_, 4th edn., McGraw-Hill International Inc., p. 592. Scott Besley and Eugene F. Brigham 2005, _Essentials of Managerial Finance_, 13th edn., South-Western Thomson Publishing Company, pp. 602-603. Jack R. Meredith and Scote M Shafer 2002, _Operations Management for MBAs_, John Willey & Sons Inc., pp.351-353. Greg Frazier and Norman Gaither 2001, _Operations Management_, 9th edn., South-Western Publishing Company, pp.476-477. Inventory Management Review 2005, viewed 5 June 2007, . Thomas R. Dyclcman, Harold Bierman, and Reonald W. Hilton 1990, _Cost Accounting: Concepts and Managerial Application_, Pws-Kent Publishing Company, pp. 630-631.