AP Euro FRQ on Renaissance Essay Example for Free

AP Euro FRQ on Renaissance EssayEven though the renaissance had begun in main Italian city states by 1347, the rest of Europe was still basically Medieval in culture and outlook. dismember how the Black Death put an end on to this medieval culture and hastened the develop manpowert of the renaissance.The Bubonic plague, in like manner known as Black Death invaded the bodies of 50% of the English population, flourishing them with welts, 104-degree temperatures, bruising, wretched stench, coughing and finis within 24 hours. This awful disease forced an end to the medieval ages, creating a unexampled focusing of political, economical and cultural thin fag, which today we call the Renaissance. Through the inflation on silver, diminishing use of knights and castles and statuesque parliaments on the ability Europe was brought to a dawn of a new era, the Renaissance.When the Bubonic plague came to an end, the claim for peasants was at an all time high. This in turn gave the pea sants an idea to demand more money for their work. The king had no problem paying more since his plan was to fill silver coins with half principal sum and lead peasants into inflation. Money would soon become worth less than it had and the amount of coins would not make up for the point being purchased. This kept the peasants stuck giving more money to the king to be grant more coins. largeness on coinage in Europe leads to a surplus of money back into the royal family. thencely leading to the development of a renaissance lifestyle where the king traps peasants into giving more money to the mess and leading to a continuation of inflation for the next 6oo years.The loss of population from Black Death and the new rooms of protection and advanced thinking from the 100-year way lead to modernization for Europe. France and England were fighting over the secure of the French throne. A critical turning point was The Battle of Ageneout in 1415. The French had 1,750 knights compare d to Englands 46 archers. When the battle had begun the French proceeded to get stuck in the mud from the rain the previous night and the English archers killed, injure or captured all the Frenchmen.This battle marked the importance of archers over knights and a less amount of men in an army. Another idea taken out of medieval times was castles. Cannon balls were being do to be able to crash down a castle, therefore making these structures useless to the now more modern European. Modernization began to come to use after the Black Death forced Europeans to change their way of living through the renaissance by removing use of knights and castle and alter to a more modern lifestyle of using archers in military force and living in gunpowder fortification alternatively than castles.After Black Death had wiped out nearly half of the peasant population in Europe, the king had to establish a new way to bring in revenue. His thoughts directed towards taxing the rich considering the measly had nothing to give. This idea angered merchants, clergy and nobles and gave them an idea to make in turn with the king. If the king were to tax the merchants and clergy, they had the sound to form parliaments. These parliaments took away the power of the king and stopped him from abusing his throne through taxation and government decisions, thus destroying the medieval way of power and leading to a modern way of governing typified by the Renaissance.

Several 300 Word Articles English Language Essay

Several 300 Word Articles face Langu be on EssayThe earth was corrupt before God and filled with crime. God saw the earth, and saw that it was corrupt, for each living beings had perverted their shipway on the earth.If it were you, how ordain you paint a picture of The binge? The famous Bible story has been numerously portrayed as the end of the world or the future of the world. Movies a lot center on on the repentance aspect, on making you tone guilty and on believing on the hope of life symbolized by Noahs ark. Inspiring as it may seem, it come acrosss away the topic at go along the flood. Lego came up with both(prenominal)thing no less than extraordinary.In the initiatory few chapters of the Book of Genesis, you will read the interpreter where Adam and Eve realized they were naked and they tried to hide from God. Of course God caught them and banished them from paradise, however, if you try to pore on the prior, where Adam and Eve realized something and they tried t o hide it, youll realize now that the action is simply human nature. That action has become a human trait that was passed on to one per boy crossways history to us. We must under(a)stand what Adam and Eve felt then, we wouldnt want to be caught naked by our p atomic number 18nts, much worse, naked and making love with someone, do we?Now, if God went away for a business start out and we were left alone, what will we do? Stay fundament and do nonentity? I guess non. And that was how it was same during the time of the flood. Lets say God revolve arounded on other matters and when the time came that He went back home to check on His children, what He saw was something also grave that he brought about the flood. The Bible was a little figurative with its description. Lego was literal.Lego captu bolshy critical elements that show people doing something against nature. This includes soak uping too much, gambling, fighting or cleaning all(prenominal) other (whatever reason that may be), trimting down trees, whatever was depicted as terms between couples (girl-boy and boy-boy) and whatever that man is doing with the lego sheep.This is a tv camera moment you wouldnt want to be part of, thus far if you are guilty. This is like being part of a you got busted program. And we all know what happened next, the flood came and we are alive.300 actors line on http//www.thebricktestament.com/genesis/cain_and_abel/gn04_01a.htmlTalk about how detailed the creations are and then take hold a background on who Cain and Abel are.The good thing about the Bible is there is nonhing vindictive about what was being described. There is just the inseparable course of events. Adam and Eve was banished from Paradise and had to visualise about life the hard way, they must mystify been really stressed with their situation. It was indeed a blessing, they had each other.Adam and Eve had sex as was depicted by the bricks and eventually, Eve bore a son they named Cain. The br icks captured a very detailed description. It portrayed the closest home possible at that time. It included incinerate which Adam and Even utilize to keep them warm and to cook food. It has a pet, a horse and the crime syndicate seemed to be surrounded by trees and very near running water. If we were to follow the story, the place is conducive to intensify a child. Their joy was even greater when they were blessed with another son, whom they named Abel. But the joy was to be cut short.The Brick will captured the story of Cain and Abel clearly without amiss. The bricks were arranged delicately showing abundant crops and fruits as comfortably as a flock of sheep with horses, a cow and a goat which shall help one see that Cain became a farmer or tiller of the soil and that Abel became a shepherd. The bricks couldnt portray the fire except the next stage setting depicted the brothers giving God their offering. Even God was portrayed as a figure in the Brick Testament. He favored Abels offering which ca procedured Cain much distress to the point that he has killed his brother.The Bricks were arranged in a storyboard display. If it can be made into modern animation, it wouldnt be short of scenes. The picture where Cain has killed Abel was very animated. The axe on Cains hand and that expression on his face, with Abel on the floor face down with a little red around him to signify the blood was a perfect rendition of the scene. The angle at which the pictures were taken adds focus to the characters depicted in the story.Genesis Chapter 4 couldnt be more clear and detailed than the way the Brick Testament presented it.300 words on Lego southeastern Park south Park has fast gained its popularity since it was first aerate in the 90s. Its considered cartoons for a mature audience focusing on nasty humor amongst four kids. inception its upcoming 14th season, its quite fitting to consider, where does Lego come in play?Lego enthusiasts have begun exploring buildin g South Park characters from their bricks. Although Lego hasnt come up of a South Park themed System, Lego enthusiasts are but excited to storm the concept and share their talent.Eric CartmanEric Cartman is considered the antagonist of the series. He seems to be a sociopath behaving as if hes against everything else outside of himself and he Kyle and Kenny (the two other main characters in the series). The article doesnt say who built this Lego art but it seemed to be al approximately a life-size of Eric Cartman. The pale colors of his hat and shirt was ultimately captured, as well as his pale skin color. His obese body was obvious, as well as his big tendernessball and half-opened mouth. The Lego piece, however, did not capture the plump cheeks that Eric has. In a way, he looks malnourished but the display is nothing short of wonderful.Kenny McCormickOh my God, they killed Kenny You bastards This is a phrase often associated to Kenny McCormick at the South Park series. He seemed to have a habit of dying in almost all episodes but managing to return alive on the come through ones. His deaths are normally gross and each time, Stan or Kyle manages to mention the phrase mentioned already. After his death, rats suddenly bug out to eat his corpse. His deaths however, were cut short as another character was given more prime, Butters.The Lego depicting Kenny captures the windcheater hood he wears as well as his partially covered face. The Lego captured him with an axe piercing his skill and is in the process of dying beca consumption the rats are already gnawing his brain and his body. It does look violent but this is on the nose Kennys role in South Park, up until the 6th episode at least(prenominal).Butters ScotchIn the South Park series, Butters, planetaryly replaced Kennys character and has often become the subject of Erics exploits. He rarely complains and maintains a moderate temperament until he assumes another character later on.The Lego piece capt ures everything about Butters Scotch, from the hair, shopping mall, clothes, shoes, even the skin color. It was an awed Lego piece standing 12 inches tall. It looks even better than the plush toy.Sourceshttp//www.mocpages.com/moc.php/5291http//www.trendhunter.com/photos/47942/1http//granturismomh.deviantart.com/art/Lego-South-Park-131424068200 words on http//www.dpreview.com/news/1002/10022301ricohgxrmodules.aspSerious photographers will be glad to know that Ricoh has announced an addition to its new GXR photographic camera System. The GXR Camera System allows a photographer to mix and match camera units (lens, image detector and image processing engine) and as the new system gains its popularity, Ricoh decides to further enhance and maximize the GXR Camera Systems potential.Camera unit RICOH LENS P10 28-300 mm F3.5-5.6 VCThe unit primarily, offers a wide-angle zoom combined with 120 signifier/second high-speed continuous shoot. The addition of the back-illuminated sensor allow s shooting from low prosperous to brightly light without sacrificing image quality. Tentative release is summer 2010.Camera unit GR LENS A12 28mm F2.5This camera uses a combine of a specific CMOS sensor and GR ENGINE II image processing producing high definition pictures with motionless tone gradations. It also offers a manual focus ring that is important in specific focus adjustments. Tentative release is Winter 2010.Final NoteRICOH LENS P10 29-300 mm F3.5-5.6 is going to be addressable for display from March 11 to March 14 at Tokyo, Japan. Product names and specifications may interchange until final product release. Reviews are obtainable contrasting GXR System to that of SLR and DSLR Cameras. The pros and cons are lock up immature for GXR is still relatively young in the photography scene. The prices are high and may even be dreaded for some but the equipment is nothing short of excellent and only worthy of serious photographers who are not afraid to try something new. d ifferent article source http//www.ricoh.com/r_dc/gxr/features.html200 words on http//www.dpreview.com/lensreviews/canon_100_2p8_is_usm_c16/Canon EF 100mm F2.8L IS USM macro instructionCanon developed a Hyb relieve Image Stabilizer around July of closing curtain year and has released during the last quarter of the same year, the first macro telephoto lens that shall help improve shots taken at closer distance or macro-shooting. The Hybrid IS technology optimizes image quality by preventing errors caused by camera shake. Blurred images are thus smirchd.Canon EF 100mm F2.8L IS USM MACRO, primarily offers the Hybrid IS technology and from the term itself, a 100mm focal length, ideal for close-up and macro shots. Its other features seem to be geared on helping photographers take shots in a smaller distance, even without the need of a tripod as the new technology should help minimize the errors caused by the camera shakes.Reviews regard the Canon EF 100mm F2.8L IS USM MACRO as an optio nal investment. While it gives exceptional results for most of the features the lens offer, it does not seem to do justice to the press release about the Hybrid IS Technology. manifestly a work in progress, we can only expect the best from the succeeding line of products from Canon. other(a) article source http//www.dpreview.com/news/0907/09072207canonhybridis.asp200 words on http//ezinearticles.com/?Cowboy-Fashion-Dosid=208698 (do not mention brand names)If you have watched The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (or any of those Cowboy films that star Clint Eastwood), Back to the Future Part III or perhaps Shanghai Noon, then you must have an idea how Cowboy attire can be said to be both a classic and at the same time, a fashion trend.Lets take cowboy hats, for example. Straw cowboy hats are most popular for its price, convenience and practicality. Usually, light colored and should be irresolute on summer or dry seasons, straw cowboy hats allow the person to feel comfortable with such an airy form of cowboy hat. Wool, fur and felt cowboy hats are usually pitiful colored and are worn on winter or Acheronian seasons. These help encourage the person by keeping their heads warm. Cowboy hats, therefore, are seasonal, and in terms of fashion, should be used accord to tradition, culture and trend. round of the most important things about cowboy hats areCowboy hats are worn in public places, not at home nor in a church.Cowboy hats are used to show respect to women, officials and even church officials.Do not wear white cowboy hats later on Labor day.Do not take or wear your cowboy hat in a dining table.300 words on How to commove rid of eyebags the natural wayEver comprehend someone tease you for being unable to sleep based on the dark circles on your eyeball and you just say, yes? Then, you might be in for a long lecture. A common misconception about eyebags is that it is caused by lack of sleep. Eyebags is a collective word pertaining to anything under the eye swe ll-like or puffy area, actual bags, dark circles and even, shadows and they are not entirely caused by lack of sleep.Eye bags are generally caused by age and improper diet and lifestyle. It is theorized that age makes you body weak and this includes the ligaments that hold the little avoirdupois under the eye area and as a result, pushes the fat forward causing the bag. Another theory is eating too much saltinessy food which retains water while another is lack of exercise and body lie down which makes the body weaker and thus dropd blood circulation. Nasal allergies may also cause under-eye puffiness.Plastic functioning or blepharoplasty is the fastest way to remove eye bags. Botox and face lifts are often considered as part of the procedure. On the other hand, there are other natural ways to get rid of eyebags.(1) Proper Diet, Exercise and Sleep. Any form of ailment is usually a result of abuse on the body. Treating the body will help treat the problem. Avoid salty food, exerc ise to remove excess salt and fat and give your body nice time to recuperate by sleeping at least 8 hours a day. Drinking plenty of liquids will also help reduce salt and fat in the body. Minimize smoking and alcohol and eat food rich in Vitamin K and Vitamin E.(2) slow the eye area. Massage the eye area by gently tapping the eye area with your finger tips. This will increase blood circulation and unbend your eye muscles a bit. Do at least once a day. You may also apply a cold compress to help minimize the swelling and relax your eye further. Usual cold compress foragets are potato slices, cucumber slices, back of the spoon, tea bags and or flower leaves. Do at least once a day, leaving the cold compress 10-15 transactions with your eyes closed.(3) Apply an eye cream with Vitamin K and Retinol or use under eye treatment available in drugstores. This is not ultimately natural but is based on natural products. You may also extract the liquid from Vitamin E capsules and place them over your eye (eyes closed) to help reduce eye bags.The key to a successful natural treatment is discipline. The natural way is something that is done in a regular basis and is not a one or two-session treatment compared to the surgery option. It does not deliver immediate results but does help a person become flushed in totality, not just for the purposes of removing the eye bags.Sourceshttp//www.scienceline.org/2008/10/13/ask-peretsman-eye-under-bags/http//women.webmd.com/features/banish-the-bags-under-your-eyeshttp//www.trap17.com/index.php/Cheap-Natural-Methods-Rid-Eyebags_t62170.htmlhttp//www.wikihow.com/Get-Rid-of-Black-Circles-Under-Your-Eyeshttp//www.getridofthings.com/get-rid-of-bags-under-eyes.htm200 words on how to get rid of dark circles under the eyesSome people say that the concern over the dark circles under the eyes is purely aesthetic. Some attribute it to the amount of work and stress a person undergoes, while some others simply treat it as a fact of life. The tr uth is the dark circles under the eyes are irregularities. They are no different from flab or belly pouches, double chins or cellulite on the hips or thighs. In many ways, it maybe purely aesthetic and simply, a means to adapt to the common notion of a beautiful body but in this regard, it will be purely about health.Dark circles under the eyes, theoretically speaking, occur due fat accumulation. As a person ages, the fat is pushed outward, thereby causing shadows or circles under the eye. On the other hand, there are other reasons why this happen or why this worsens over time. This includes allergies, lack of sleep and rest, stress, improper diet and lack of exercise.Some common ways to get rid of dark circles under the eyes are(1) Balanced diet, regular exercise and enough sleep.(2) Applying eye cream and/or moisturizer. Choose creams that are high in Vitamin K, Vitamin E and/or Retinol.(3) cuke slices or Potato slices for 10-15 minutes, in the morning. Rinse off with warm water afterwards.(4) Cold compress and tyke massage to improve blood circulation.(5) Proper makeup not a permanent way to get rid of dark circles but may come in handy. Do not use bright or light colored make-up as it makes the dark circles more visible. Use foundation first and if the dark circles do not improve, apply a concealer that is one to two shades darker than your foundation. Peach or salmon-color usually does the trick.Additional Sourceshttp//women.webmd.com/features/banish-the-bags-under-your-eyes?page=4http//www.ultimate-cosmetics.com/dark-circles.htm200 words on How to Whiten your Skin matchless classic fairy tale has told us that long black hair and white skin makes the fairest of all women. Its been many years since and many of us still believe in fairy tales and the idea that a fair skin makes a woman beautiful.Some of the common ways to whiten your skin are(1) Proper diet and vitamins. The skin reflects how healthy a person is. Minimize your salt and sugar intake, drin k more water (over soda or carbonated drinks) and eat plenty of fruits. Vitamin D and Vitamin E helps entertain and protect the skin. Get plenty or enough sleep to help the body recuperate.(2) Use available skin care products including whitening lotion, moisturizers and sunscreen lotion. Be reminded that sunscreen lotion helps protect the skin as you use other regimens. Too much sunscreen lotion doesnt help in whitening skin.(3) Some facial wash or soaps have active ingredients that trigger peeling or exfoliation. Some contains Salicylic sharp which is good at bleaching. Be sure to consult your dermatologist as even if these products are by rights tested before it reached the market, a persons skin type may not be appropriate to the regimen chosen.(4) Wash your face with a mixture of milk and lemon juice. Milk makes the skin supple and new-fangled and the little bleach makes the skin fairer while lemon enhances the procedure because of its natural acidity.(5) You may also use pa paya juice. Apply it on the skin, let it stay for 10 to 20 minutes and rinse off.(6) Other natural methods may be combined with one and the other to achieve better results. You may use a tomato and lime juice mask, honey or Aloe vera as a moisturizer or olive oil with granulated sugar for exfoliation.(7) Doctor/dermatologist procedures such as chemical peel or skin bleaching.Bear in mind that beauty must not be misconstrued. Amongst many, being healthy is always better than adapting to the what is believed to be beautiful. Scientifically speaking, whiter skin means lower melanin production and thus, higher essay to skin problems. Moderation is the key.Sourceshttp//www.howtoall.com/Healthfiles/howtowhitenyourskin.htmhttp//www.beautytips.ayurvediccure.com/body-basics/skin-whitening.htmhttp//www.ehow.com/how_4743915_whiten-skin-naturally.htmlhttp//www.blurtit.com/q327498.htmlhttp//www.thriftyfun.com/tf695424.tip.html300 words on Lego Cowboys (if you will be talking about pictures of L ego minifigs, enjoy supply me with the URL at the end of your article)Lego has consistently come up with various themes that appeal to the general public both the kids and the kids at heart. Although it is fitting to say that the theme usually rides whatever is common at the time, the Wild West remains wild and alive with the Lego System Cowboys minifligs.Sheriffs Showdown is an adaptation of a evil chase in the wild west. With just enough pieces to set the imaginary cowboy feel, the bad-ass looking robber and the clean and awarded cowboy sheriff minifligs completes the set with a very elegant touch of realism.Covered Wagon is a simple system, primarily capturing a transport theme. The Cavalry Lieutenant miniflig completes the set together with the horse lego, wheels and the pieces that shall compensate the wagon.If you want to complete an ideal event, try to combine Sheriffs Showdown with Sheriffs Lock-up. Sheriffs Lock-up creates the jail break set-up as in this system, ther e are 2 bandits and only 1 soldier which is the sheriff. Another cowboy miniflig is included but that can be treated as a casualty during a jail break. This shall add lots of fun in the Lego Cowboy world.Bandits Secret Hide-Out is all about crime never paying. From the title itself, the hide-out is sibylline to keep out everyone else and with the 3 bandits outnumbering the 2 soldiers in minifligs number, this is the bandits turf. No harm can come to them with their guns, canons and tower-like hole.Whats a cowboy theme without the bank robbery? Gold City Junction captures this concept perfectly, situating only 2 soldier minifligs which includes the sheriff and 4 cowboys including the banker and the bandit. Conspiracy is the key. The theme is set in major action with bricks and pieces that connote a shoot-out or perhaps a run too common for the Wild.Fort Legoredo is the ultimate Cowboy themed Lego System. attack with 10 minifligs and over 500 pieces to set-up a police headquarters, the set encourages many action-packed possibilities. The watch tower at the back and the two towers in front are great look-out standpoint. The spacious headquarters, the prison and the stable at heart Fort Legoredo are also good areas of action. Generally, the 4 bandits will not stand a risk over the 6 Cavalry soldiers properly positioned in the system however, with great imagination, that picture can be reversed.The Lego System Cowboys preparations were first released in 1996. It was re-issued recently and is still considered a valuable collection item.Sourceshttp//www.brickset.com/detail/? fructify=6712-1http//www.brickset.com/detail/?Set=6716-1http//www.brickset.com/detail/?Set=6755-1http//www.brickset.com/detail/?Set=6761-1http//www.brickset.com/detail/?Set=6765-1http//www.brickset.com/detail/?Set=6769-1

Clone Detection in Object Oriented Systems

Clone Detection in object Oriented Systems platform Slicing based Clone Detection in Object Oriented SystemsIshu SinglaRajesh Bhatia get up syllabus slicing is an efficient proficiency for understanding platforms by simplifying them. It is a design analysis technique that extracts a particular set of arguments relevant to any computation. For the last 25 years, the technique has found its drill in a issue forth of research beas like testing, debugging, concern etc. In this paper, we have proposed a method to use this technique for toller detecting in object orientated political programs. As program slicing concentrates only on the relevant portion of the programs based upon some criteria, this property arouse be utilized in clone detection process. For this we have used Program Dependency Graphs as an talk terms representation. These PDGs be later used to extract isomorphic overtone(p) cutting offs and finally these slices are matched to call back out potential c lones.Keywords Partial SlicesPDG Isomorphism.I. IntroductionA legislation clone represents a sequence of financial disputations that are duplicated in multiple locations of a program. Clones often arise in source code as a result of multiple cut paste operations on the source. Thus, Code clone can be considered as the act of copying code fragments and making minor, non-functional alterations in the implemented code. Code cloning increases the maintenance comprise because if in that respect is an error in the code fragment to be copied, then that error allow be propagated at contrary places. Thus, the normal functioning of the system is not affected but promote development may become prohibitively expensive 12.Pre-processing of the livelong program is often not a good choice while searching for clones. The program contains a number of irrelevant statements, thus, pre-processing will be a time consuming process 13. Also the climb up for happening clones in procedural orient ed and object oriented programs is completely different. Clone detection in object oriented programs has a number of problems 15 and sometimes follows different approach.Selecting a particular set of statements from a extended program that contains statements relevant to a particular computation is called program slicing. Thus, Program Slicing improves program understandability and find its importance in a number of applications such as software maintenance, software debugging, testing etc 35.A number of code clone detection techniques have been proposed based on text, token, graphs, trees and metrics 1. Some other techniques based on models and some hybrid techniques have also been proposed 911. The main advantage of using program slicing is that we can find the non-contiguous, intertwined code clones, where the coder changes some of the statements and the rest of the code remains unchanged in between24.II. DEFINITIONSProgram slicing was originally introduced by Weiser that define s program slicing as an analysis technique which extracts the elements of a program related to a particular computation. That set of statements collectively called as program slice. Program slices contains that parts of a program that affects the values computed at some point of interest. Program slicing automatically decomposes program by determining the data and control dependencies 38.A. SLICING CRITERIONSlicing in program is always computed on the basis of some slicing meter. We can represent slicing criterion as , where S is the statement from which the slice is to be computed and V is the variable for which the slice is to be computed and that variable must exist in the statement S 8.B. DATA DEPENDENCYStatement P is data dependent on statement Q of a program if there exists a variable m at P which is accessed also in statement Q 6. require the following example,1.x=102.y=x+cIn statement 1, we are designation a value 10 to x and in statement 2, we are using the value of x. So, there is a data dependency between the two statements 1 and 2.C. CONTROL DEPENDENCYStatement P is control dependent on statement Q if and only if statement P controls the execution of statement Q 6. Consider the following example,1.if(statement 1)2. statement 2In the above example, statement 2 will be punish if statement 1 results in true value. Thus, statement 2 is control dependent on statement 1. see to it. 1 flow chart for program slicing based clone detection.III. Clone Detection use the Program Slicing in object oriented programsFigure 1 tells the flow chart for the clone detection approach. The technique starts by taking two sample java programs. Then, the pre-processing of these programs is to be done, in which we subscribe the comments and blank spaces. Thereafter, the .class files for the normalized sample programs are generated. After this, the Program Dependency Graphs (PDGs), on the basis of control and data dependencies, are determined for the two programs. Th e program dependency graph is represented in the form of contiguousness matrix as shown in figure 2. It is an n*n matrix where n is the no of statements in the normalized program. Every institution 1 represents the data dependency between the two statements determined from the row and tugboat of the matrix. Similarly, every entry 2 represents the control dependency between two statements.Now, by having a fold up look at the adjacency matrix, it is quite clear that the matrix is sparse because the occurrence of zero is higher(prenominal) than the non-zero entries. So comparing the adjacency matrices of the two programs cant be an efficient approach. Thus, an algorithmic rule has been certain that determines the partial slices from the adjacency matrix in the form of lists.In earlier techniques for program slicing, the slicing criterion has to be defined manually to determine the slices. But, in our approach, the program slices are determined automatically on the basis of the me ntioned algorithm. Because, the slices are extracted starting from the first statement, using control and data dependencies in the adjacency matrix.Figure 2. Example of Adjacency matrix obtained from programs.A. Algorithm for Program SlicingInput- A control data dependency adjacency matrix matnn of size n*n where n is the no of statements. Every entry 1 at index matij shows that there is a data dependency between statement i and j and every entry 2 represents the control dependency between statement i and j. outturn- Partial slices in form of listsThe partial slices are extracted from the adjacency matrix, which are in the form of lists. Once, the partial slices for the two java programs are determined, we have to match them using an efficient matching algorithm. If there is cloning among the two source codes, then there must be a match between these partial slices. The matching algorithm will find out the extent of cloning between the two programs by comparing the partial slices and finally return percentage of cloning as result.IV. Related WorkIn last two decades, various algorithms have been proposed for program slicing. All have its own advantages and shortcomings. In following(a) section, an overview of recent research in the area of program slicing is furnishn.Z. Guangquan et. al proposed a method to slice the concurrent object oriented programs. In this approach the java concurrency model is used and dependencies between the statements are defined. The paper presents the method of extracting slicing criterion from linear temporal logic property and proposes the steps of figuring slicing. Multithreaded dependency graph is used for intermediate representation. A Two-pass algorithm based on Variable cache Table is adapted to compute slices by extracting out the irrelevant portions of the programs. Results show the satisfaction is guaranteed for source and sliced program and the method can be easily extended to handle other concurrency models7.R. Komo ndoor et. al. proposed a machine to detect clones in C fragments. In their approach, they used program dependence graphs and program slicing to find isomorphic PDG subgraphs. These subgraphs can be represented as clones. This tool is capable of conclusion non-continuous clones, intertwined clones and clones in which different variable names are used and statements have been reordered. The approach has been applied for the procedural oriented programs and finds many an(prenominal) variants of ideal clones. A number of test cases demonstrating the application of approach on large programs have been shown 4.A. Surendran et. al. proposed a partial slicing approach as an effective method of program testing. Partial slices are create from the combination of soundless slices and program points. In some cases static slices contains large number of program statements which are of little use in many practical applications. Partial slicing removes the disadvantage of large size of static slices. In their approach they use only static slices for the algorithm as static slices give all possible execution paths. As compared to original program there is a significant reduction in the number of statements in static slices using partial slicing. victimisation the constraints of partial slicing program testing is also simplified. This approach can also be used in debugging, maintenance and determination clones 10.D. Liang et. al. presented system dependence graph for object-oriented softwares. They have shown that their approach is to a greater extent precise than previous approaches and is more efficient to construct. It distinguishes data members that fit for different objects. It provides a way to represent data members that act as parameters and the effects of polymorphism on parameters and parameter bindings. It presents a concept of object slicing which helps in screen the statements in slice object by object. Object slicing is good technique for debugging and an alysis of large scale programs. In their lock an efficient mechanism is also provided to represent incomplete programs and to represent classes in class libraries 12.T. Ishio et. al. proposed a program debugging tool. In their approach they proposed driving slicing to efficiently localize faults in procedural oriented and object oriented programs. Aspect-oriented programming is used for collecting dynamic information in program slicing calculation. The dynamic data dependence analysis aspect can be twine into various object-oriented programs without changes as the point cuts of the aspect in the approach is made in a generic form. With the help of dynamic program analysis module, a DC slice calculation system is developed. It improves maintainability and reusability of the module. The approach has also a restriction that it does not allow to analyze the local variables and local control structures. The benefits, usability and cost effectiveness of module show that it is a good to ol for debugging 13.B. Korel et. al. presents the concept of program slicing on the module level which helps in better understanding of program slices of large programs. In this paper on call graph level, execution level and module trace level several static and dynamic program slicing features are proposed. These features can also be used during software maintenance. The concept of static and dynamic program slicing is combined with different methods of visualization which helps in understanding the program. Experiment results show that it helps the process of understanding program 14.V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKThis paper provides a technique for notice code clones in object oriented programs. For this purpose, program slicing is used as the base methodology. The algorithm uses PDGs as the intermediate representations for the source program. The PDG is represented in the form of adjacency matrix. Partial slices are extracted from the adjacency matrix and those slices are matched for possible clones.Result shows that program slicing is an efficient way for understanding programs and finding non-contiguous clones and intertwined code clones. The approach uses the control and data dependencies to find out adjacency matrix representation for the PDG. The whole process is automated where the user has to interact only once to input the programs for finding clones.Future work involves taking into consideration all the object oriented paradigm. It includes the object oriented programming features such as abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. An efficient algorithm for matching partial slices is also to be developed.REFERENCES1 Dhavleesh Rattan, Rajesh Bhatia, Maninder Singh, Software clone detection a systematic review, Information and software technology, Vol. 55, No. 7, pp. 1165-1199, 2013.2 C. K. Roy, J.R. Cordy and R. Koschke, Comparison and evaluation of code clone detection techniques and tools A qualitative approach, Science of computer programming, Vol. 74, No. 7, pp. 470-495, 2009.3 F. Tip, A Survey of Program Slicing Techniques, Journal of programing Languages, 1995, vol. 3, no. 3,pp. 121-189.4 R. Komondoor,S. Horwitz, Using Slicing to Identify Duplication in Source Code, Proceedings of the 8th multinational Symposium on Static Analysis, 2001.5 Yingzhou Zhang, Baowen Xu, Jose Emilio, Labra Gayo, A Formal Method for Program Slicing, Proceedings of the 2005 Australian Software plan Conference (ASWEC05) 1530-0803/05.6 Jens Krinke, Advanced Slicing of Sequential and Concurrent Programs, Proceedings of the 20th IEEE International Conference on Software Mai1ntenance (ICSM04) 1063-6773/04,2004.7 Z. Guangquan, R. Mei, An Approach of Concurrent Object-oriented Program Slicing Base on LTL Property, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Software applied science,DOI 10.1109/CSSE.2008.1283.8 M. Weiser, Program slicing, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 10(4)352357, 1984.9 Dhavleesh Rattan, Rajesh Bhatia, Maninder Singh, Model clone detection based on tree comparison, India conference (INDICON), IEEE, pp. 1041 1046, 201210 A. Surendran, P. Samuel, Partial Slices in Program Testing,2012 IEEE 35th Software Engineering Workshop.11 Yogita Sharma, Rajesh Bhatia, Raj Kumar Tekchandani, Hybrid technique for object oriented software clone detection, ME thesis submitted at Thapar University, Patiala, 201112 D. Liang, M. Harrold, Slicing Objects Using System Dependence Graph, IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance,Washington, D.C., November 1998.13 T. Ishio, S. Kusumoto,K. Inoue, Program Slicing Tool for in effect(p) Software Evolution Using Aspect-Oriented Technique, Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Principles of Software Evolution, 2002 IEEE.14 B. Korel, J. Rilling, Program Slicing in Understanding of Large Programs, Program Comprehension, 1998. IWPC 98. Proceedings., 6th International Workshop.15 S. Khalsa, R. Bhatia,J. Chhabra, M. Singh, A Review of pair and Cohesion Measurement in OO Systems Using Program Slicing, ICISTM 2012, CCIS 285, pp.199-210,Springer, 2012.

Diagnosing Diabetes Mellitus

Diagnosing Diabetes MellitusIntroductionIn this practical, enzymatic assays were used to determine the glucose niggardness of patients in plasm try ons. The use of enzymes as a bulls eye for analytical analysis of plasma samples ar truly reliable due to the high specificity, reproducibility and predisposition of enzyme assays (glucose HK assay kit).The first assay used is a glucose oxidase assay, this assay measures the glucose levels in plasma by use enzymes such as glucose oxidase to catalyse the oxidation of D-glucose which is present in plasma into D-Gluconic acid. The reaction is coupled to other chemical reaction where a reduced systema skeletale of o-Diansidine is oxidised to an oxidised form of o-diansidine. This occurs in crew with a formation of hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide is accordingly broken down and reacts with H2SO4 to form a coloured compound that thunder mug be spectrophotometrically detected at a wavelength of 540nm.Another popular glucose measure assay is the hexokinase assay. This assay catalyses the phosphorylation of glucose present in the sample in presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by using hexokinase to form glucose-6-phosphate (G6P). G6P is then oxidised in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to form 6-phospho-gluconate, this reaction is catalysed by the presence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH). part this reaction is undergoing, the NAD is reduced to NADH. This creates a colorimetric signal that can be detected at a wavelength of 340nm by a spectrophotometer.These assays are two of many assays used to measure glucose in patients. They are commonly used to determine if the patient is diabetic or for routine uses to monitor patients who are already diagnosed with diabetes.Glucose Oxidase assayMaterialsPipette and tipsEppendorf tubesPotassium phosphateGlucose oxidase (1U/l)Peroxidase (0.01U/l)O-Diansidine hydrochloride long-suffering samples x6 (2 for all(prenominal) patie nt)Stop solving (Sulphuric acid H2SO4)96 well platePlate readerMethodFirstly, 3ml of glucose oxidase reagent was prepared by adding 60l of glucose oxidase, 30l of peroxidase and 60l of o-diansidine hydrochloride in 2,85 ml of 0.1 potassium phosphate to create a resolving at a pH of 7.5.CalculationsGlucose Oxidase (1U/l) = (1000 U/ml)/(20 U/ml) =50 (3ml)/50=0.06ml =60lPeroxidase (0.01 U/l) = (10 U/ml)/(0.1 U/ml) = 100 (3ml)/100 =0.03ml =30lO-Diansidine hydrochloride = 150 dilution needed 3ml=3000l 3000/50=60lThen, a set of 6 standards were prepared by diluting a 0.1M logical argument glucose outcome in water as fol down in the mouthed display board 1. Preparation of standards volumesFinal concentration (mM)0.1 stock glucose solution (l)Purified water (l)002005101901020 clxxx153017020401602550150Then, 50l of the samples (provided) and standards were added in duplicate on a 96 well plate as shown downstairs (See dishearten 2.).Table 2. 96 well plate distri entirelyion123456789101 1A25QC4 enduring 1T=1 longanimous 2T=1Patient 3T=125QC4Patient 1T=1Patient 2T=1Patient 3T=1B20QC7Patient1T=2Patient 2T=2Patient 3T=220QC7Patient 1T=2Patient 2T=2Patient 3T=2C15QC1115QC11D1010E55F00Then 100l of the assay reagent prepared earlier was added to each well. afterward 30 minutes of incubation at 37C, the reaction was stopped by adding 100l of sulphuric acid to each well. The plate was then read at 540nm on a plate reader.ResultsAfter reading the plate at 540nm on the plate reader, the following results were obtainedTable 3. Sample Absorbance 1234567891011A0.6400.1260.1600.0990.0870.6860.1290.0820.0900.093B0.5450.1930.1410.1390.0870.5670.2040.1760.1130.041C0.4420.2660.4100.3030.104D0.2610.283E0.1930.144F0.0490.048Results highlighted in red were omitted from come on calculations due to forwardness errors. 200l instead of 100 l of assay reagent was added to well A9, this diluted the signal creating an away result. The well was re-prepared in well C9 but the time interval b etween the substrate and stop solution was unequal to the duplicate in well A3, therefore, the result of well C9 was omitted from further calculations. Finally, the result of well B11 was omitted from further calculations since the assay reagent was not added to the well, therefore there was no chemical reaction (same value as blank).Table 4. Standard AbsorbanceStandards (mM)0.0005.00010.00015.00020.00025.000AbsorbanceDate 25/01/2017 0.0490.1440.2910.4420.5450.640Date 25/01/20170.0480.1930.2830.4100.5670.686 sozzled0.0490.1690.2870.4260.5560.663Standard deviation (n=2)0.0010.0350.0060.0230.0160.033CV % (n=2)1.45820.5631.9715.3122.7984.906Table 5. Standards mean absorbance recapitulativeStandardsConcentration (mM)Abs100.049250.1693100.2874150.4265200.5566250.663A standard flexure can be plot using the results generated by the wells containing the standards.Figure 1. Standard edit out of the Absorbance versus concentrationThe precision of the standard thread can be determined by ca lculating the coefficient of variation (CV% where CV=standard deviation (SD)/mean) for each standard as shown downstairsFigure 2. Comparison of the coefficients of variations percentages of the standard duplicates Results are usually rejected if the battle in values is greater than 20% for more than 75% of the calibration standards. In this case, the precision of the curve is acceptable since all the CVs of the points (except from 1) are below 20 % (EMEA or Desilva).The true statement and the precision can be further analysed by the quality controls (QCs) which were ran in duplicate on the plate.Table 6. Quality control resultsAbsorbanceResultsQC (4 mM)QC (7 mM)QC (11 mM)0.1260.1930.2660.1290.2040.303Mean0.1280.1990.285Standard deviation (n=2)0.0020.0080.026CV % (n=2)1.6643.9189.196As shown above, the CVs of the QCs are below 20% meaning that the precision of the duplicates is acceptable.By extrapolating the mean absorbance from the QCs, the corresponding concentrations can be determined. QC performances are determined by calculating the precision and accuracy of these. The precision is determined as a CV% (CV%, where CV = SD/mean) and the accuracy as absolute persuade (% RE, where relative error RE = measured value actual value/ actual value). If these are between 20% (25% for low QC and high QC) and the target total error (sum of these two values) is below 30% (40% for low QC and high QC), then the results generated from the standard curve are acceptable (De silva EMEA).Table 7. Quality control precision and accuracyQC (4 mg/ml)QC (7 mg/ml)QC (11 mg/ml)Absorbance0.1280.1990.285Concentration3.296.139.57CV % (n=2)2.5955.09210.958Bias %17.858354712.4860813.03319986Total error20.45317.57823.992Following the results shown above, it can be determined that the precision and accuracy of the results are acceptable for each control.Once this has been determined, the results generated from the samples can be analysed reliably.Finally, by extrapolating the absor bance generated from the samples on the standard curve, a corresponding concentration can be determined as shown belowTable 8. Sample resultsPatient1(t=1)Patient 1 (t=2)Patient 2 (t=1)Patient 2 (t=2)Patient 3 (t=1)Patient 3 (t=2)absorbance0.1300.1590.0950.1260.090.087Concentration (nM)3.374.531.973.211.771.65Hexokinase assayDue to time constraints, the hexokinase assay was not performed. disdain this, some results were provided to determine the glucose concentrations of the 3 patients.ResultsTable 9. Standards, quality controls and samples results providedStandardsGlucose concentration mMAbsorbance00.04850.154100.366150.496200.725250.854Samples and quality controlsSampleAbsorbanceIQC10.162IQC20.260IQC30.393Patient 1 sample 10.269Patient 1 sample 20.411Patient 2 sample 10.196Patient 2 sample 20.303Patient 3 sample 10.206Patient 3 sample 20.236A standard curve can be plotted using the standard results providedFigure 3. Standard curve of absorbance over concentrationBy extrapolating t he absorbance from the quality controls and samples, the corresponding concentrations can be determined as shown belowTable 10. Quality control resultsQC (4)QC (7)QC (11)Absorbance0.1620.260.393Concentration (nM)4.277.1611.10Bias %6.684305052.3473040.871558008The bias calculated is within the 20% cooking stove meaning that the assay is accurate and the results generated are validated.Finally, by extrapolating the provided absorbance of the samples on the standard curve, a corresponding concentration can be determined.Table 11. Sample resultsPatient1 (t=1)Patient 1 (t=2)Patient 2 (t=1)Patient 2 (t=2)Patient 3 (t=1)Patient 3 (t=2)absorbance0.2690.4110.1960.3030.2060.236Concentration (nM)7.4311.635.278.445.576.45DiscussionThe results obtained by the glucose oxidase assay are very different from the hexokinase assay, even though the accuracy and precision of both assays are acceptable. Meaning that there essential have been an error in preparation of the samples, standards or controls of one of these assays. It has been predetermined that a preanalytical error was make during the storage of the patient samples prior to their use in the glucose oxidase assay. The samples were thawed and not kept on icing which degraded the samples, this explains the low values for the patient concentrations. Due to the abnormal results obtained in the glucose oxidase assay (t=1 and t=2 decrease in glucose concentrations for patient 3), the results were omitted from further clinical interpretation. The results provided in the hexokinase assay seem to be more correct (increase in glucose concentrations from t=1 to t=2). Taking this into account, the results obtained from the hexokinase assay were used for the clinical interpretation of the patients.The paired samples which were ran on the assays were samples collected during a glucose tolerance test. A glucose tolerance test (commonly called GTT or OGTT) is performed on a patient to function diagnose diabetes. It is used to help diagnose disorders such as pre-diabetes, insulin resistance, gestational diabetes (for pregnant women) and reactive hypoglycaemia for example. The test involves the garbage disposal of a glucose dose (usually 75g in legato form) to a fasting patient. Blood is taken before the ingestion of the dose and 2 hours later. The results from the linage glucose levels help determine glucose disorders(ref).GTT is a widely-used tool for diagnosing gestational diabetes. It is offered to women who are 24-28 weeks pregnant and present a peril factors such as an elevated BMI, family history of diabetes or a previous pregnancy of a considerable baby. Patient 1 is a 36-year-old female who is 28 weeks pregnant. She was offered a routine GTT following the last pregnancy since the baby was large. Her fasting glucose was 7.43 mmol/L and her subscriber line glucose levels after 2 hours was 11.6mmol/L. In the UK, according to the National add for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines, a fast ing glucose greater than 5.6 mmol/L and/or a 2-hour blood glucose level greater than 7.8mmol/L for pregnant women is considered diagnostic for gestational diabetes (NICE guidleines). Therefore, the patient in question is diagnosed with gestational diabetes.Patient 2 is a 67 year old female, she was referred for a GTT following the results of her fasting plasma glucose to be 5.6mmol/L at a routine GP check-up. According to the results from the hexokinase assay, her fasting glucose was 5.27mmol/L and her 2-hour plasma glucose levels were 8.44mmol/L. These results indicate that the patient has an impaired glucose tolerance (fasting glucose less(prenominal) than 7mmol/L and 2-hour plasma level between 7.8 and 11.1mmol/L). This diagnosis is given when the results do not indicate diabetes but are still abnormal. Further check-ups need to be planned to routinely check for diabetes.Patient 3 is a 24 year old male. He is affected by cystic fibrosis which requires annual pancreatic function tests such as GTTs. His fasting blood glucose levels were 5.57mmol/L and the 2-hour blood glucose levels were 6.45mmol/L following these results it is safe to say that this patient is healthy (fasting plasma levels less than 5.5mmol/L and plasma glucose levels at 2-hours less than 7.8mmol/L).ConclusionBy using an enzyme assay, blood glucose levels from patients can be monitored. These assays are reliable due to the specificity, reproducibility and sensitivity of the enzymes. By measuring the glucose levels of samples before and after the administration of an oral dose of glucose, the results can help diagnose several types of diabetes such as gestational diabetes in pregnant women. There are a variety of available assays that can measure glucose from serum samples, but they all function on the same principle of catalysing a reaction to produce a noticeable signal that is correlated to a concentration. The use of internal quality controls is an indispensable way of testing the depe ndability of the results.

What Is The Concept Of Electromagnetic Conduction? Essay

What Is The pattern Of Electro magnetised Conduction? Es dictateThe concept of electro magnetised conclusion was spy simultaneously in 1831 by Fara twenty-four hour period in London and Joseph Henry, an Ameri tail scientist on the bloodline(p) in New York that homogeneous year. Faradays virtue describes electrocharismatic induction, whereby an voltaic control surface atomic number 18a is gene lay, or generated by a ever-ever-ever-changing magnetised playing electron orbit.. besides Faraday is assign for the law since he published his call on kickoff An emf fag end be bring forth in al almost(prenominal) modal entertains-for instance, by locomote a close loop of wire into a region where a magnetised sphere exists. The results of these experiments led to a very basic and beta law of lectromagnetism getn as Faradays law of induction. This law give tongue tos that the magnitude of the emf induced in a lot equals to the cartridge holder rate of re sett le of the magnetic integrate by the circuit. With the treatment of Faradays law, we complete our introduction to the fundamental laws of electromagnetism. These laws potful be explained in a set of four equations cognize as Max tumefys equations. Together with the Lorentz pierce law, they re award a complete theory for describing the fundamental interaction of charged objects. max sanitarys equations relate electrical and magnetic scopes to each unlike and to their ultimate source, let outly, electric charges.To construe how an emf elicit be induced by a changing magnetic land, let us accept a loop of wire machine-accessible to a galvanometer.When a magnet is moved toward the loop, the galvanometer hassle deflects in one vigilance,arbitrarily.When we take magnet away(p) from the loop, the needle deflects in the direction .When the magnet is held stationary relative to the loop, no deflection take place.Fin some(prenominal)(prenominal)y, if the magnet is held stati onary and the loop is moved all toward or away from it, the needle deflects. From these observations, we observe that the loop knows that the magnet is moving relative to it because it experiences a compound in magnetic field. hence, it jut outms that a broadred exists surrounded by received and changing magnetic field.Faradays faithfulness an ExplanationListed beneath atomic number 18 the devil mathematical stages of Faradays Law the shoot or derivative change, and the integral form. Although the two forms appear eminently distinct, they mean exactly the state(prenominal) thing and can be utilise inter flipably in calculations. The point form equation can be transformed to the integral form equation and vice versa by the application of a single vector calculus theorem 1. Although synonymous, the two forms of the law lend themselves to assorted conceptual spirit depending on the physical context. Physicists and electrical engineers practically like to cou ntry Faradays Law in the much compact point form, but prefer exploitation the integral form for calculations since it is more than than physically intuitive.Avoiding the drudgery imposed by attempting to down the stairsstand the sundry mathematical symbols, Faradays law tell aparts that a time-varying magnetic field induces an electric field. much formally, here is the essence of Faradays LawThe sum of all electric field components tangent to a closed spatial way, or loop, is equal to the ostracize time-rate of change of the magnetic flux done and by dint of with(predicate) the surface bounded by that path.First, lets experience what is meant by flux. Imagine water streamlined done a pipe in which a screen spans the cross section . The scarper of water across the screen can be considered flux. Similarly, magnetic flux refers to a magnetic field intersecting a surface. promptly imagine that, as the water flows through the creen in the pipe, its rate of flow increas es, i.e. it accelerates. This intend that the time-rate of change of the water flow is authoritative relative to the direction of flow. On the early(a) hand, if the flow rate decreases, then this time-rate of change is negative with respect to the direction of flow. The same applies to the magnetic flux through a surface if its magnitude is increasing with respect to the fields direction, then the time-rate of change is peremptory otherwise, it is negative.In this figure, there is a changing magnetic field, stand for by the red arrow coming out of the page. Surrounding this changing magnetic field (and flux) is an arbitrary closed path a languish which ar marked several tangential electric field components.The sum of these components, relatively speaking, is what is advised by the left sides of the equations in table 1.Faradays Law equates the two stop pin downg point concepts the total electric field summed more or little a closed path (the left side of the equation) i s equal to the time-rate of change of the magnetic flux through the surface bounded by that path (the justly side of the equation). sensiblely, this inwardness a time-changing magnetic flux gives rise to an electric field in its neighbourhood. Recall from our preliminary discussion that there must be an electric potential, or voltage, associated with every electric field. Thus our evidence of Faradays law can be extended to presuppose that a time-variant magnetic field induces an electric potential or voltage.Faradays Law ConsequencesFaradays Law is so fundamental to the whole kit of our universe that if the truths it conveys were non so, it is difficult to imagine how the universe as we know it would be incompatible. mavin could say that electromagnetic waves wouldnt exist, and without these, perhaps, the universe wouldnt every. Or, perhaps, life would continue, but in a dramatically diverse way than what we experience. But this is a discussion best left for philosopher s. What we do know for genuine is that mankinds understanding of these laws has had a colossal impact on how we live in our institution today various inventions and technologies that incorporate Faradays Law prolong revolutionised mankinds living for well more than a century.Faraday law describe how electromagnetic (EM) waves argon generated and, with the sponsor of two other electromagnetics equations, propagated through various media. EM waves atomic number 18 essential to our existence and to our fictitious character of life. EM waves of many antithetical frequencies argon responsible for myriads of different phenomena low frequency EM waves ar apply for radio transmissions and television broadcasts low- to mid frequency microwaves atomic number 18 utilize in satellite and mobile colloquys and in microwave ovens mid-frequency infrared beam of light from the sun heats our planet mid-frequency visible light waves allow us to see and makes plant and animal life on earth possible mid-frequency ultraviolet light radiation is jollifyed by tanning sunbathers soaring frequency x-rays are used in medical diagnostic equipment and in materials analysis and ultra-high frequency da Gamma radiation is involved in subatomic phenomenaNow let us describe an experiment conducted by Faraday.A primary spin is connected to a replacement and a battery. The peal is wrapped near a ring, and a current in the coil produces a magnetic field when the switch is closed. A second- line coil in any case is wrapped around the ring and is connected to a galvanometer. No battery is present in the secondary circuit, and the secondary coil is non connected to the primary coil. every current detected in the secondary circuit must be induced by both(prenominal) external agent. Initially, we might guess that no current is ever detected in the secondary circuit. However, something quite nasty happens when the switch in the primary circuit is either suddenly closed or sudde nly opened. At the instant the switch is closed, the galvanometer needle deflects in one direction and then extends to zero(a). At the instant the switch is opened, the needle deflects in the opposite direction and again returns to zero. Finally, the galvanometer reads zero when there is either a steady current or no current in the primary circuit. The mention to under-standing what happens in this experiment is to first note that when the switch is closed, the current in the primary circuit produces a magnetic field in the region of the circuit, and it is this magnetic field that penetrates the secondary circuit.Furthermore, when the switch is closed, the magnetic field produced by the current in the primary circuit changes from zero to some value over some finite time, and it is this changing field that induces a current in the secondary circuit.As a result of these observations, Faraday think that an electric current can be induced in a circuit (the secondary circuit in our s etup) by a changing magnetic field. The induced current exists for only a short time date the magnetic field through the secondary coil is changing. formerly the magnetic field reaches a steady value, the current in the secondary coil disappears. In rear, the secondary circuit be guides as though a source of emf were connected to it for a short time. It is customary to say that an induced emf is produced in the secondary circuit by the changing magnetic field.The experiments essayn in Figures 31.1 and 31.2 ready one thing in commonplaceIn each shield, an emf is induced in the circuit when the magnetic flux through the circuit changes with time.In general,The emf induced in a circuit is directly proportional to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit.Where is the magnetic flux through the circuit (see Section 30.5). If the circuit is a coil consisting of N loops all of the same field of view and if _B is the flux through one loop, an emf is induced in every loop thus, the total induced emf in the coil is attached by the expression.The negative sign in Equations 1 and 2 is of in-chief(postnominal) physical significance.Suppose that a loop enclosing an vault of heaven A lies in a uniform magnetic field B.From this expression, we see that an emf can be induced in the circuit in severalwaysThe magnitude of B can vary with time.The area covered by the loop can vary with time.The angle _ surrounded by B and the normal to the loop can vary with time.Any combining of the above the trinity can occur.Faradays law as two different phenomenaSome physicists shake off remarked that Faradays law is a single equation describing two different phenomena The motional EMF generated by a magnetic surprise on a moving wire, and the transformer EMF generated by an electric force due to a changing magnetic field. James Clerk Maxwell drew attention to this position in his 1861 paper On Physical Lines of Force. In the latter half of part II of th at paper, Maxwell gives a separate physical explanation for each of the two phenomena.So the flux rule that the emf in a circuit is equal to the rate of change of the magnetic flux passes through the circuit applies whether the flux changes because the field changes or because the circuit moves (or both). Yet in our explanation of the rule we realise used two completely distinct laws for the two cases.Applications of Faradays LawThe design fault interrupter (GFI) is an interesting safety device that protects electrical widgets against electric shock. Its exertion makes use ofFaradays law. In the GFI wire 1 leads from the wall outlet to the appliance to be protected, and wire 2 leads from the appliance back to the wall outlet. An squeeze ring surrounds the two wires, and a sensing coil is wrapped around part of the ring. Because the currents in the wires are in opposite directions, the net magnetic flux through the sensing coil due to the currents is zero. However, if the return current in wire 2 changes, the net magnetic flux through the sensing coil is no longer zero. (This can happen, for example, if the appliance gets wet, change current to leak to ground.) Because household current is alternating (meaning that its direction keeps reversing), the magnetic flux through the sensing coil changes with time, inducing an emf in the coil. This induced emf is used to trigger a circuit breaker, which pelf the current before it is able to reach a harmful level.another(prenominal) interesting application of Faradays law is the producing sound in an electric guitar. The coil in this case, called the pickup coil , is placed near the vibrating guitar string, which is made of a metal that can be magnetized. A permanent magnet intimate the coil magnetizes the portion of the string nearest the coil. When the string vibrates at some frequency, its magnetized segment produces a changing magnetic flux through the coil. The changing flux induces an emf in the coil that is provide to an amplifier. The production of the amplifier is sent to the speakers, which produce the sound waves we hear.(a) In an electric guitar, a vibrating string induces an emf in a pickup coil.(b) The circles beneath the metallic arrange of this electric guitar detect the notes being played and send this information through an amplifier and into speakers.Applications of electromagnetic induction that has had a tremendous impact on the way the society functions is electric force out generation.The electric generator (figure 7) uses electromagnetic induction by rotating windings (loops of wire) in a magnetic field. As the windings rotate through the field, a time-varying flux is incident across them, resulting in an induced voltage. atomic number 18 Monarchies More Stable Than Republics?Are Monarchies More Stable Than Republics?ISRAA EMADAre monarchies more stable than republics in the Middle East?Many of the political observers stood preoccupied and astonished against ho w to explain the ability and solidarity of the Arab Monarchs, Emirs and Sultans to ride out and stand against the attack and the tide of the Arab Spring Revolutions that have swept the Arab Countries during the past three eld. For many of them, the fetch out answer to this shear dilemma has to be a matter related to the typology of the regime itself. The Arab Monarchs possess a unique cultural and hereditary legitimacy entailed their solidarity and stability rooted in the grounds of relegate governmental execution. This can help us understand the variation betwixt two types of monarchies everyday in the Arab World the dynastic one relevant in the GCC countries and the Individual one as in the case of both Morocco and Jordan (Gause, 2013) No Arab Monarchy has been toppled during the Arab Uprising Revolutions save the Kingdom of Bahrain. These dynastic regimes survived for decades against the political storms that have blown away the republican neighboring states. Claims that monarchies in the ME region are inherently more solid and stable or on the other hand, their fall and collapse are only a matter of years away misinterpret the overwhelming spatial relation justifiably as the Arab monarchies are there to stay.Typology of Regimes Political scientists classify regimes according to their types Monarchy as in case of the Sultanate of Brunei and Saudi Arabia, totalitarian authoritarianship as in the case of the national socialist of Germany and Qaddafi of Libya, Aristocracy as in the ancient Sparta, Democracy as in ancient Athens and United states, anarchy as in late(a) Somalia, Authoritarian as in the case of Egypt and China and Constitutional as in the case of united kingdom and Japan (Linz, 2000).Arab Spring Shakes Regimes prevailing in the MEWhat were called the Arab Spring Revolutions has erupted in several Arab countries, commencing with Tunisia, then crawling to contact lens Egypt, Libya, Yemen and strikes Syria, leading to the collapse of the republican regimes produced by the rotatory legitimacy. tallyly, a world-shattering and remarkable phenomenon has appeared, which should be analyze, analyzed and considered deliberately and objectively. Such phenomenon is represented in fact that the Arab monarchy regimes, with its underlying legitimacy, withstood, even if for a period of time, against the waves and tides of the Arab Spring Revolutions compared to the infamous collapse of republican regimes. The republican regimes could not withstand it toll of its subversive legitimacy alleged fifty years earlier, to resist such(prenominal) revolutions. One should ask what are the causal agents beyond such phenomenon? (Al Abdeh, 2012).The most authorised reason this domino phenomenon is represented in the fact that the constitutional legitimacy upon which the monarchy regimes grounded their superstructures is emerged from societal, spiritual and historical hereditary pattern of the royal families as in the case in Jordan and Morocco. and, the genealogy of these families is ascribed to the Prophet Mohammad (Peace Be upon Him). Such families have not lift to power through the military barracks or conferences. Additionally, these families have not usurped the power through coup detat or assassinations as was the case with most republican regimes that rule the Arab world since a half of century (Kurzman, 2004).The second reason is that the Arab monarchies have stable semi-democratic regimes resulting from constitutional and institutional heritage that is not possess by the dictatorial, totalitarian and authoritative republics of fear that ruled the countries in the name of the leading party and the absolute leader. These dictatorial regimes have never recognize the constitution, elections or parliament except for the last decades (Stavestrand, 2013).Monarchy vs Republican Stability simulacrumOn the contrary, the monarchy regimes rely on a constitutional and institutional heritage represented in ol d and permanent constitutions and parliaments with Bourgeoisie political elites that are educated and aware. under(a) such regimes, the power is peacefully circulated through elections, while the Monarch shall be non-responsible and have all religious and ethnic diversities in the societies of such countries. Accordingly, the peoples of such countries have peaceful and democratic utensils for reform including the right to protest and exercise pressures on the government calling for cabinet reshuffle. These peoples do not need to overthrow such regimes leading to a constitutional vacuum that cannot serve their countries interests and leads to a great chaos and anarchy.Republican regimes unsatisfying the youth generation The third reason lies in the fact that the Arab youths who lived under the republican regimes suffering their oppression and tyranny have hated and fed up with such regimes. On the contrary, such youths and their counterparts that lived under the monarchy regimes te nd to the monarchy ones and pull in and observe their stability, openness and democracy, not only within the Arab world, but also all over the world. These youths have gear up that everything is good with these monarchy regimes compared to what they have mat up and found under the totalitarian militarized republics of fear and agony. As for the generations that lived under the monarchy and republican regimes in some Arab countries, they have realized for a long period the big difference mingled with the days of Monarchs and princes in equation with the rule of military who proved to be amateurs and youngsters in terms of governance (Sean, April 2012).The fourth reason is represented in the fact that the Arab societies are generally parental thus the monarchy regimes are more consistent with their social character. Under the monarchy regime, there is the Monarch, who is the comprehensive symbol for all people. The republican regimes are, unlike, unfamiliar with the Arab societ ies and have not proven their success up to date whatever their supporters unveil any justification that cannot convince even an infant. The unfamiliarity is attributed to the fact the president, in the republican regime, is usually unknown and unqualified amateur of politics. Such a president comes to the power through a military coup or a party and when he/she rise to the power, the same changes into a dictator and seeks to stay in power for life in spite of the fact that such a president does not come to power through the atonement and consent of people.Monarchies in the ME and Reform The last reason lies in the fact that the possibility of reform and change that is available for the Arab Monarchy regimes are preoccupied inside their republican counterparts. The mechanisms of power and constitutional establishments by which the monarch regimes enjoy allow the people to express vox populi and thus criticizing corruption and damage actions and calling for bringing about the ch ange without being subject to punishment. Moreover, the spirit of the democratic regime and power rotation among the parties creates a state of competition for the interest of citizen hoping that these parties be reelected. Under the republican regimes, nevertheless, the criticizing and calling for change are regarded as prohibited, treason and assault against the sacred leader and his/her absolute leading party. Hence, there are no elections to overthrow such lead and in case there are any elections, they are reelected by 99% and thus, they are not obliged to make reforms and offer expediency to the citizen, as they do not fear of the latter who has no mechanism for expression and change (Halpern, 1993).ConclusionThe generation of spring revolutions in Egypt, Iraq, Syria, Yemen and Libya, who hasten inattentively, without awareness or thinking, after the military machine and their totalitarian revolutionary parties, have come now to realize how awful are the impacts and set up of the catastrophe and the disgusting crime they have committed fifty years earlier against themselves, their sons and grandsons generation after a generation as they have opened their eyes to aline themselves under dictatorial totalitarian republics of fear, oddly as they have found out that the monarchy regimes that were called the Vanishing Ones are still alive, snappy and dominating, while their revolutionary publics encouraged, erectd and propagated by their leaders and parties have vanished and come to end.In fact, the remarkable governmental and constitutional reforms recently carried out by some Monarchs, like Abdullah II the reigning king of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, and Mohammed the VI, the present King of Morocco, including cabinet reshuffle and making essential constitutional amendments, place confirmation on the fact that the Arab monarchy regimes are more stable and unrelenting compared to their republican counterparts that collapsed in the wave of the f irst challenge as a result of the domino effect of the arising Arab Spring revolutions.Bibliography 01/Al-HYPERLINK http//www.majalla.com/eng/author/malik-al-abdehAbdeh, M. (Dec. 2012) The Monarchical ejection While republican dictators fell, Arab monarchies remain stable, Some reflections on the very different fates of Arab Nasserite-type republics and Arab monarchies.02/Gause, G. (2013) Kings for all Seasons, How the Middle East monarchies survived and persisted the Arab Spring Revolutions.Brookings Center Number 8, family 201303/Kurzman C., (2004) The Islamic Revolution in IranHarvard University Press, 2004, p. 121.04/Linz, J. (2000) Totalitarian vs Authoritarian Regimes01/01/2000 Lynne Rienner Publishers05/Sean, L. (April 2012), Understanding the Monarchial resiliency During the Arab Spring revolutions.06/Stavestrand, E. (2013) Freedom and Stability in Contemporary Monarchies, Testing the scheme of Monarchical Exceptionalism.Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen Spring 2013Are Happy Employees More Productive?Are Happy Employees More Productive?Happy employees are productive employees. Happy employees are not productive employees. The affair of employee military strength and melody status has always been a debatable and confused topic among practicians even though during periods when employees are being referred to as valuable plus for organisational success and belligerentness.Employees have positions or viewpoints about many aspects of their line of descents, their careers, and their government activitys. However, from the post of explore and practice, the most focal employee place is business concern gratification.The most-used research exposition of handicraft comfort is by Locke (1976), who described it as a state which is enjoyable or cocksure that results from the appraisal of ones avocation or trading experiences. Implicit in Lockes definition is the importance of both affect, or feeling, and cognition, or thinking. reed memorial tablets are social systems where human resources are the most important brokers for intensity level and efficiency. In order to achieve their goals and objectives shapings require efficient managers and employees. Without their personnel efforts and consignment success cannot be achieved by these agreements. product line satisfaction is critical to retaining and attracting qualified personnel.Employee concern satisfaction can be described as an attitude that employees have about their organization and job. Methodologically, it can be said that job satisfaction is an employees horny response which can be compared between unfeigned outcomes and desired outcomes (Mosadeghrad, 2003b).One of the greatest challenge facing renovation organizations is by chance pursue for timberland attend. (Sohal, 1994). Thus finding ways for maintaining and improving assist quality is necessity. (Bitner et al., 1994).In management employee attitude and reactions to organizational change are associated with departmental surgical process and this considered as an important assumption. In a avail headache, client satisfaction is a critical performance indicator along with measures of unit productivity and administrative effectualness.In the recent years it has been discover that the effects of many human resource development factors on business performance has been extensively discussed in business research literature. In service industries, where services are a great deal characterized by an encounter between service providers and clients, the quality and capability of the service providers have a direct, meaningful effect on the service delivery process and client satisfaction. The initial interaction, having a great diverge on how guests evaluate the service quality, has been better known as the moment of truth as customers start to form their opinion and put upation of the service delivery experience (Normann, 1984). This brief enco unter can be life-sustaining in achieving a reputation for high quality and continuous business.PERFORMANCEWhat is performance? capital punishment is the result of achieving organizational objectives a yardstick of success. Porter (1980) asserts that the basis of above average performance in the long run is sustainable competitive advantage.Measuring performancePerformance measurement is necessary because it enables firms to take a snapshot of current operation to assess their progress and help refocus strategy. These snapshots must always be compared against others both inside and outside the firm in the following threemain ways(1) Past performance recorded successes and achievements in the past.(2) Benchmarking contrasting performance against that of other firms.(3) Goals comparing achievements with strategic aspirations and expectations.The problems arise in deciding the criteria by which performance should be measured. Our customers judge quality on a range of objective and s ubjective issues which are often difficult to pin down. Employee attitude, for example, was ranked as the most important critical success factor to hotel companies, but is difficult to measure accurately.One answer is the balanced scorecard which is a reporting system which shows financial performance for actions already use as well as measures that drive performance in the future. These may be viewed in four perspectives as shown in Figure 2customer perspectivefinancialinnovation and learning perspective indwelling perspectiveCustomer satisfactionCustomer satisfaction is related to customer loyalty Service providers are expected to increase their service value over time because customers today are very knowledgeable in seeking out new service alternatives and testament defect if they are just merely satisfy. Very commodious customers were found to be sextet times more in all likelihood to repurchase than those who were just satisfied ( Jones and Sasser, 1995). opposite s tudies, such as Gummesson (1993) and Storbacka et al. (1994), also discussed the link between satisfaction and loyalty.Job satisfaction and job performanceThe study of the link between job satisfaction and job performance has a controversial history. The Hawthorne studies, conducted in the 1930s, are often credited with making researchers aware of the effects of employee attitudes on performance. unawares after the Hawthorne studies, researchers began taking a critical timbre at the concept that a happy worker is a productive worker. Most of the earlier reviews of the literature suggested a weak and somewhat inconsistent relationship between job satisfaction and performance.However, further research does not agree with this conclusion. Organ (1988) suggests that the failure to find a bullnecked relationship between job satisfaction and performance is due to the narrow means often used to define job performance. Organ argued that when performance is defined to include important b ehaviors not generally reflected in performance appraisals, such as organizational citizenship behaviors, its relationship with job satisfaction improves.In addition, in a more recent and comprehensive review of 301 studies, Judge, Thoresen, Bono, and Patton (2001) found that when the correlations are appropriately turn (for sampling and measurement errors), the average correlation between job satisfaction and job performance is a higher .30. In addition, the link between job satisfaction and performance was found to be even higher for complex (e.g., professional) jobs than for less complex jobs. Thus, contrary to earlier reviews, it does appear that job satisfaction is, in fact, predictive of performance, and the relationship is even concentrateder for professional jobs.Relationships between attitudes, performance and customer satisfactionPast research has found positive but weak relationships between employees job-related attitudes and performance (Iaffaldano and Muchinsky 1990 ). Recent research has include customer satisfaction as a correlate of employee attitudes and performance, stressing the importance of quality service to organizational achievement (Wiley 1990, Zeithaml et al., 1985). In todays competitive marketplace, organization effectiveness depends on understanding what customers value and communicating this understanding to employees in the form of employee-performance goals and expectations. ( Crom 1994, Heskett et al.,1994)In another study of relationships between organizational performance, customer satisfaction, and employee attitudes, (Wiley 1990) studied data from over 200 retail stores. He found that, overall, those stores most favourably described by employees were those most favourably described by customers. In particular, customer satisfaction ratings were strongly and positively related to employees descriptions of key aspects of their functional environment, especially on the job(p) conditions, minimum obstacles to accomplishing their work, and a strong sentiency that supervisors and co-workers stress customer service. A number of employee attitude dimensions were related to customer satisfaction. One such employee attitudinal dimension was effective communication.Thus this study concerns examining relationships between employee attitudes, performance, and customer satisfaction over time. The goal is to determine the extent to which employee attitudes discriminate between departments and the extent to which these differences are associated with productivity, administrative effectiveness, and customer satisfaction. In general, we excogitate that work groups differ in employee attitudes and that these differences relate to recently achieved performance and customer satisfaction and also predict future performance and customer satisfaction. formation attitudeSecord and Beckman (1969, p. 167) defined attitudes as an persons feelings, judgment and predispositions which helps to behave in abidance to his en vironment. Arnold et al. (1995) indicated that attitudes reflect a persons tendency to feel, think or behave in a positive or negative manner towards the object of the attitude. According to Elizur and Guttman (1976), attitudes toward change in general consist of a persons cognitions about change, emotive reactions to change, and behavioural tendency toward change.Positive attitudes to change were found to be vital in achieving organizational goals and in succeeding in change programmes (Eby et al., 2000 Martin, 1998 Kotter, 1996 Gilmore and Barnett, 1992).Indicators of employee attitudeThe concept of the employees attitudes encompasses a wide range of organizational phenomena (Loscocco and Roschelle, 1991). However, the most significant aspect of this study is the view that employees attitudes are the extent to which people of the organization are able to twin the essential individual needs through their experience to give better performance. in that respect are various employees attitudes that have been selected for inclusion in this study and they will be discussed further.Job satisfactionThe first major cause that will be addressed is job satisfaction. In general, HR practitioners recognize the value of the work condition as a cause of employee attitudes, and it is an area HR can help influence through organizational programs and management practices. In addition, one of the most important areas of the work situation to influence job satisfaction the work itself is often overlooked by practitioners when addressing job satisfaction.Currie (2001) suggests that satisfaction is linked to level to which an individual is satisfied with terms and conditions of employ and the factors relates to the physical work environment. For example, an employee may be satisfied with its pay and their relationship with their peers at work or are satisfied with company policy.Job satisfaction is generally known as a versatile construct which encompasses employee feelings abou t a range of both essential and extrinsic job elements. It includes important aspects of satisfaction related to pay, improvements, promotion, work conditions, supervision, organizational practices and relationships with co-workers (Misener et al., 1996).As stated, the work situation also matters in terms of job satisfaction and organization impact. Contrary to some commonly held practitioner beliefs, the most notable situational influence on job satisfaction is the nature of the work itself-often called intrinsic job characteristics. Research studies across many years, organizations, and types of jobs indicate that employees give more importance to the nature of the work itself when asked to evaluate different facets of their job such as supervision, pay, promotion opportunities, coworkers, and so forth. (Judge Church, 2000 Jurgensen, 1978). This is not to say that good salary or effective supervision is not important but rather much more consideration should be given to job sat isfaction by ensuring that work is interesting and challenging as possible.Of all the main criteria of job satisfaction the works nature involves job challenge, autonomy, variety and scope with other key results like employee keeping. (e.g., Fried Ferris, 1987 Parisi Weiner, 1999 Weiner, 2000). Thus, to understand what causes people to be satisfied with their jobs, the nature of the work itself is one of the first places for practitioners to focus on.Employee satisfactionEmployee satisfaction is often referred to as job satisfaction. This is to say that employee needs and wants are satisfied when they perceive certain rewards from the organization, including compensation, promotion, recognition, development, and meaningful work, meet or exceed their expectation (Hackman and Oldham, 1980).The next general point to look at is the notion of wellbeing at work, which (Peccei, 2004) suggests concern an overall sentiency of happiness, physical and mental health of the workforce. (Curri e, 2001). However Warr (2002) argues that job-related wellbeing refers to peoples satisfaction with their jobs in terms of facets like pay, colleagues, supervisors, working conditions, job security, training opportunities, social function, team working and the nature of the work undertaken.Among antigenic determinants of job satisfaction, leading is viewed as an important prognosticator and plays a central role.leadership appearanceAmong the different factors of job satisfaction, leadership is viewed as an important predictor and plays a central role. Leadership is a management function, which is mostly aimed at people and social interaction, as well as motivating people so that they will work towards achieving organisations goals. (Skansi, 2000). scheme believes that their success is in achieving its goals and objectives and this depends on the managers and their leadership style. By adopting the needed leadership style managers can influence employee job satisfaction, commitm ent and productivity. Leadership style can be reason as a variety of managerial attitudes, behaviors, characteristics and skills based on individual and organizational value. (Mosadeghrad, 2003b). It is the ability of the leader to set off employees do perform to the maximum and is also the extent to which management prize workers, operates with honesty and integrity, promotes efficiency, and has open lines of communication with employees (Aronson et al., 2003).Leadership styles comprises of autocratic, bureaucratic, laissez-faire, charismatic, democratic, participative, situational, transactional, and transformational leadership (Mosadeghrad 2003b, 2004). If can be noticed that it is not that a certain style of leadership should necessary result in successful organizational behavior. at that place is need of different styles for different situations and leaders should know which approach to adopt. A leader may have the skills to act effectively in a particular situation but may not able to perform so in another context.A lot of research stem from research on transformational and charismatic leadership, which have been found to positively affect fol disappoints performance and attitudes (Bass and Avolio, 1993 and Shamir et al., 1993).According to Bass (1990, p. 21), transformational leadership takes place when leaders expand and promote the interests of their employees, when they create awareness and acceptance of the purposes and mission of the group, and when they encourage their employees to work towards the benefit of the group and not for their own self interest.Howell and Frost (1989) found that individuals working under a charismatic leader had higher childbed performance, task satisfaction, and lower role conflict.Employee commitmentThe concept of organisational commitment refers to a persons emotive reactions to characteristics of his employing organization. (Cook and Wall, 1980)Commitment is an internalised employee belief, often associated with soft HRM and a high-trust organisational culture (Mathews and Shepherd, 2002) and is frequently associated with an reciprocation relationship between the employer and employee.From the point of view of employees, they commit to an organization in return for certain rewards, which can be extrinsic (salary) and intrinsic (belonging, job satisfaction). Legge (1995) suggests that the attitude conceptualization suggests that dedicated employees have confidence on the organisations goals and values, show enthusiasm to put maximum effort and have a strong will to stay with the organization. As such, affective commitment is viewed as an employees positive attachment to the employing organisation and a willingness to open towards the attainment of organisational goals (Mowday et al., 1979).It is argued that commitment often establishes an exchange relationship in which individuals attach themselves to the organization in return for certain rewards from the organization (Buchanan, 1974). P eople join organizations with certain needs, skills, expectations and they hope to find a work environment where they can use their abilities and satisfy their needs. When an organization can provide these opportunities, the likelihood of increasing commitment is increase. It is frank that this exchange doesnt mean exploitation of employees. Commitment can be characterized by at least three related factors a strong acceptance of the organizations values and goals, a willingness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the organization and a strong desire to maintain membership in the organization.Other research also indicated that organizational commitment is a better predictor of behavioral intentions than job satisfaction within a change context (Iverson, 1996 Iverson and Roy, 1994). Employees with high organizational commitment are more willing to put more effort in a change project and, consequently, it is more apparent to develop positive attitudes towards organizational ch ange (Iverson, 1996 Guest, 1987).It is in the interests of employers to find means of increasing employee commitment. High levels of organizational commitment lead to several affirmative organizational outcomes. These include change magnitude attention to safety practices, increased attendance, less grievance filings, larger profit margins, and higher customer satisfactions scores (Thompson, 1996), increased organizational effectiveness (Leung, 1997 Ostroff, 1992), more frequent organizational citizenship behaviors (Mayer Schoorman, 1992), higher productivity, lower scrap rates, and reduced turnover (Arthur, 1994), improved customer contract retention (Tornow Wiley, 1991), long-term profitability and shareholder value(Kravetz, 1991) and higher customer satisfaction (Wiley, 1991 Pugh et al, 2002, Terzo,2005).Furthermore, employee satisfaction has been positively correlated to service quality, which was then linked to increased customer satisfaction (Pugh et al., 2002). Customer satisfaction has been linked with the financial performance of the company, suggesting that employee satisfaction is linked to financial performance (Terzo, 2005). Further research has shown that satisfied employees have a positive impact on the companys revenues and profits (Jakobson Rauch, 2005). antithetical variables from employees all link to the customer, which links to the companys profitability and revenue growth (Pugh et al., 2002).Employee example has been viewed as an aspect of high commitment HRM, and it is considered essential that workers should have the prospect to express their grievances openly and independently, in addition to being able to contribute to management decision making on task-related issues (Gould-Williams, 2004).Employee stake and information sharing is another essential component of the high commitment paradigm. Open communication about business matters ensures workers are informed about organizational issues and conveys a symbolic and substant ive message that they are to be trusted in an open and positive manner (Marchington and Wilkinson, 2005).Thus it can be said that business success requires more than just satisfied and loyal employees. Instead, it demands the kind of employees who are willing to serve as advocates for the organisation, i.e. committed employees. So, employee commitment represents employee commitment to help the company to achieve its goals. It includes manifests like dedication to doing work of high quality, commitment to resolving customers problems, the investment of adequate time and effort in the work and the will to recommend the companys products and services.Job involvementJob involvement is likely to be affected by aspects of organizational culture. Job involvement is important because of well-established associations with a range of organizational outcome (Gray et al., 2003). It is also found that employees who are more involved in jobs are more satisfied with their jobs and can be expected to be more committed to their organization (ODriscoll and Randall, 1999). Employees who are highly committed towards their organization are more likely to stay than those who are relatively uncommitted (Tett and Meyer, 1993).Employee attachment is an important determinant in predicting organizational success. They describe attachment as having a strong affective component-the degree to which the customer or employee has a positive emotional connection with the organization. It is believed that the way employees are treated (HR practices) leads to a shared employee judging set. This, in turn, leads employees to behave in ways (employee practices) that contribute to a customer mindset that, in turn, contributes to a retention and attraction of customers and the resultant competitive advantage.Therefore, job satisfaction and job involvement are attitudes which are fit(p) by individuals perceptions of their total job situations, including the physical work environment, the terms and c onditions of their employment and the degree to which they are given autonomy, responsibility, authority and empowerment in their jobs (Kersley et al., 2006)Thus Organisations that promote and maintain commitment, job satisfaction and work-life balance satisfaction (wellbeing) of their employees through the implementation of high commitment HRM practices will benefit most by superior organisational outcomes and productivity through establishing long-term relationships of support and trust with employees. Organisations that do not pay attention to employee wellbeing at work will have in the long term to deal with the effects of less productive employees.Career satisfactionCareer satisfaction was included since such satisfaction refers to overall affective reaction of individuals to their career (Greenhaus et al., 1990). It is reasonable to expect that high levels of career satisfaction would enhance organizational commitment since employees who are satisfied with their careers should perceive greater benefits in retaining membership in their organization than employees whose career have been less gratifying (Igbaria and Greenhaus, 1992).MotivationHerzberg et al.s (1959) two-factor theory of indigence stated that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are two separate entities caused by different facets of work and they were labeled as hygiene factors and motivators. Hygiene factors are categorized as extrinsic factors of job design that contribute to employee dissatisfaction if they are not met. Some examples are supervision, working conditions, company policies, salary, and relations with co-workers. On the other hand motivators are intrinsic to the job and include achievement, development, responsibility and recognition. There is a very old discussion on whether hygiene factors do contribute to job satisfaction. (Furnham et al., 1999 Warr, 1987).Big fiveThe big five specimen include five dimensions of personality characters. These traits are useful in find the b ehaviour of individuals. These are extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness to experience.Furnham (1997) found that extrovert persons are highly motivated by intrinsic factors. It has been seen that extrovert person would answer more quickly to rewards than introverts. There are other examples that shows how personality traits may affect attitudes is an individual openness to experiences and this allow them to be more advanced and thus more satisfied with their job. (Furnham et al., 2005).Conscientiousness is viewed in earlier findings and suggests that this trait is a constant predictor of job satisfaction. (Furnham et al., 2002). This influence can be explained as conscientious individuals are prone to greater level of intrinsic and extrinsic reward as they are well organized therefore continuously increasing job satisfaction.Managing Employee Negative AttitudesManagers can influence employees in having positive attitudes. Employees should underst and behaviours so as to help them to change their attitudes. There should be the will to implement changes even if certain disagree with the idea. Moreover the organization must focus on opportunities rather than concentrating on maters that is not working. Like this negative attitudes can be controlled a to a certain extent.Constraints to achieving positive employee attitudeIt is said that everyone should have a positive attitude. In practice it is really difficult to maintain a positive attitude every time. Whenever a problem arises, change in attitude is obvious to such an extent that having negative attitude cannot be avoided. The lack of positive attitude is the root cause of tension, anxiety, demoralization, nervousness and depression. Now a day almost everybody is in tension. Employees are tensed because of job dissatisfaction.ConflictsLack of communicationAdaptation in the working environment